A Review of Potential Mechanisms of Cryptogenic Stroke and a Recommended Approach to Diagnosis

Arnold, Catherine

doi:10.17925/usn.2021.17.2.104

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 55 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“… 51 Astrocytes and microglia are non‐neuronal cells that contribute to ALS‐related neurodegeneration by secreting neurotoxic agents and altering the expression of glutamate receptors. 51 TLR2 and TLR4 transcript and protein levels were found to have increased globally in the spinal cord after analysis of postmortem tissue taken from sporadic ALS patients. 52 …”

Section: Tlrs In Neurodegenerative Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…51 Astrocytes and microglia are non-neuronal cells that contribute to ALS-related neurodegeneration by secreting neurotoxic agents and altering the expression of glutamate receptors. 51 TLR2 and TLR4 transcript and protein levels were found to have increased globally in the spinal cord after analysis of postmortem tissue taken from sporadic ALS patients. 52 According to immunocytochemical colocalization studies, TLR2 is primarily expressed by microglia/ macrophages, whereas TLR4 is expressed by Glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive astrocytes in the white and gray matter of the cervical spinal cord obtained from ALS patients.…”

Section: Tlrs In Alsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is generally accepted that glutamate‐induced excitotoxicity, abnormal mitochondrial structure, autophagy, neuroinflammation, and disruption of axonal transport mechanisms form the pathophysiological basis of ALS 51 . Astrocytes and microglia are non‐neuronal cells that contribute to ALS‐related neurodegeneration by secreting neurotoxic agents and altering the expression of glutamate receptors 51 . TLR2 and TLR4 transcript and protein levels were found to have increased globally in the spinal cord after analysis of postmortem tissue taken from sporadic ALS patients 52 …”

Section: Tlrs In Neurodegenerative Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Toll‐like receptors in pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and their therapeutic potential

Dabi

Ajagbe

Degechisa

2023

Immunity Inflam & Disease

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are a family of pattern‐recognition receptors triggered by pathogen‐derived and tissue‐damage‐related ligands. TLRs were previously believed to only be expressed in immune cells. However, it is now confirmed that they are ubiquitously expressed in cells within the body including neurons, astrocytes, and microglia of the central nervous system (CNS). Activation of TLRs is capable of inducing immunologic and inflammatory responses to injury or infection of CNS. This response is self‐limiting that usually resolves once the infection has been eradicated or the tissue damage has been repaired. However, the persistence of inflammation‐inducing insults or a failure in normal resolution mechanisms may result in overwhelming inflammation which may induce neurodegeneration. This implies that TLRs may play a role in mediating the link between inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases namely Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, stroke, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. So, new therapeutic approaches that specifically target TLRs may be developed by better understanding TLR expression mechanisms in the CNS and their connections to particular neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, this review paper discussed the role of TLRs in neurodegenerative diseases.

show abstract

Section: Tlrs In Neurodegenerative Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%