A review of pregnancy diagnosis techniques in sheep and goats

Goel, Anil Kumar; Agrawal, K. P.

doi:10.1016/0921-4488(92)90155-w

Cited by 24 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…it is not expensive, practical and yields information about pregnancy at a very early stage after the mating (17 th -21 st day) (Goel & Agrawal, 1992). The non-return to oestrus evaluation is not recommended during the late breeding period and for animals, synchronised during the anoestrus (Memon & Ott, 1980).…”

Section: Non-return To Oestrusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Now, А-mode, В-mode and Doppler ultrasound equipment is used for pregnancy diagnosis in goats. Their accuracy and usefulness under field conditions is various (Goel & Agrawal, 1992;Ishwar, 1995).…”

Section: Ultrasonographymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…No data about the use of this technique for pregnancy diagnosis in goats are available. Therefore, the three abovementioned techniques are accurate, but invasive and inapplicable in the practice (Goel & Agrawal, 1992).…”

Section: Laparoscopy Laparotomy Vaginal Biopsymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pregnancy diagnosis techniques in goats – a review

Karadaev¹

2015

BJVM

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SummaryKaradaev, M., 2015. Pregnancy diagnosis techniques in goats -a review. Bulg. J. Vet. Med., 18, No 3,[183][184][185][186][187][188][189][190][191][192][193] Several techniques for pregnancy diagnosis in goats are developed. Some of them are efficient and applicable in the field, but not enough accurate. Others are outlined with a high precision, but require equipment and specialised skills. Laparoscopy, laparotomy and vaginal biopsy are accurate but invasive and thus, inappropriate for the routine practice. Abdominal inspection, transabdominal palpation and increased live weight could be indicative for pregnancy in goats but they are reliable only after the second half of gestation. Udder examination and palpation are of low accuracy and their independent application for pregnancy diagnosis is not suitable. Blood, milk and faecal progesterone assays could indicate pregnancy in goats after the 21 st post insemination day until the end of gestation. The detection of pregnancy associated glycoproteins (PAGs) in blood plasma or milk samples is an early pregnancy marker but requires laboratory equipment. Non-return to oestrus is a cheap, practical and widely used method for detection of pregnancy between post insemination days 17 and 21 and does without signs of oestrus are assumed to be pregnant. A-mode, B-mode and Doppler ultrasonography are alternative methods for pregnancy diagnosis. Their accuracy and practical application potential are different. The two-dimensional ultrasound is one of the most appropriate methods for pregnancy diagnosis in goats. The accuracy of the method is about 100% on post insemination day 25-30 using the transrectal approach, whereas via the transabdominal approach, this accuracy is attained between the 40 th and the 45 th day.

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Section: Non-return To Oestrusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ultrasonographymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pregnancy diagnosis techniques in goats – a review

Karadaev¹

2015

BJVM

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“…Dev. 50: [391][392][393][394][395][396][397] 2004) he early and accurate diagnosis of pregnancy in addition to determination of fetal number is essential for the maintenance of high levels of reproductive efficiency [1,2]. A reliable technique for early pregnancy diagnosis would allow early culling or rebreeding of barren does.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Pregnancy Diagnosis by Means of Ultrasonography as a Method of Improving Reproductive Efficiency in Goats

et al. 2004

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Abstract. Eighteen cyclic Shiba goats were used in this study. Estrus was synchronized with a single injection of 125 µg of a synthetic analogue of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) after detection of at least one corpus luteum by B-mode ultrasonography. Blood samples were collected from each animal on days 0, 7 and 21 post-mating for progesterone assay. Animals in estrus were either allowed to be mated by fertile bucks twice during estrus (group I; n=12) or not at all (group II; n=6). Ultrasonographic examinations were performed transrectally or transabdominally using a real-time B-mode scanner equipped with a 7.5 or 5 MHz transducer. All animals exhibited estrus 56.0 ± 2.7 h after injection of PGF2α. The results show that the accuracy of the progesterone assay in diagnosing pregnancy on day 21 after mating was 80% for pregnancy and 100% for non-pregnancy, retrospectively. Ultrasonographic examinations showed that gestational sac and embryos heartbeats were detected on days 20.2 ± 0.6 and 24.3 ± 0.7 of gestation, respectively. Placentomes were detected on day 35.4 ± 1.0 of gestation as small nodules (0.7 ± 0.2 cm in size). At two months pregnancy, skeletal structures like skull, thorax and long bones were clear. Biparietal diameter of the skull and length of long bones could be used as an estimate of gestational age. The accuracy of detection of fetal number using realtime B-mode ultrasonography was 91.7% on day 60 of gestation. In conclusion, progesterone assay at day 21 post-mating (cut-off value, 1 ng/ml) can be used for pregnancy diagnosis in goats. However, B-mode transrectal ultrasonography was more efficient due to detection of embryo and confirmation of its viability by heartbeats. In addition, fetal number and gestational age could be determined only by ultrasonography. Key words: Pregnancy diagnosis, Fetal number, Ultrasonography, Progesterone, Goats (J. Reprod. Dev. 50: [391][392][393][394][395][396][397] 2004) he early and accurate diagnosis of pregnancy in addition to determination of fetal number is essential for the maintenance of high levels of reproductive efficiency [1,2]. A reliable technique for early pregnancy diagnosis would allow early culling or rebreeding of barren does. A variety of t e c h n i q u e s h a v e e v o l v e d o v e r t h e y e a r s . Ultrasonography [3], progesterone assay [4] and radiography have emerged as the most useful methods utilized today. Older described methods of laparotomy, abdominal palpation, and rectalabdominal palpation with a rod [5] have limited utility. Ultrasonography is quicker and less stressful for the animals than either laparoscopy or

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“…For domestic animals, there are obvious economic advantages to being able to determine the pregnancy status of livestock as soon after mating as possible (Goel et al, 1992). Proteins such as pregnancy-specific proteins (PSPs) A and B, secreted by the placenta can sometimes enter the maternal circulation and be useful indicators of pregnancy (Butler et al, 1982).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variations in plasma matrix metalloproteinases and placental pregnancy - associated glycoproteins during gestation in rabbits

Othmani-Mecif¹,

Benazzoug²,

Jacob³

et al. 2010

World rabbit sci.

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Adaptation to pregnancy involves major maternal anatomical, physiological and metabolic modifications to support the mother's metabolic needs and those of the growing foetus. Invasion of embryonic territories and implantation in humans and other mammals is the result of an active biochemical process. The invasive faculty of cytotrophoblastic cells depends on their capacity to secrete proteolytic enzymes such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Many studies have addressed the variations in MMPs in placental tissues, but few have reported on their measurements in plasma. Furthermore, the Pregnancy-Associated Glycoproteins (PAGs), which are synthesized in the syncytiotrophoblast and used as early markers of pregnancy in domestic and wild animals, have not yet been studied in rabbits. In this study, we attempt to purify PAGs from rabbit placenta using a previously described methodology and to measure their concentrations as well as those of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the plasma throughout pregnancy. In the course of the work, we noted certain modifications of the biochemical parameters in plasma during gestation, essentially in glycemia and lipemia. We detected proteins immunologically-related to PAGs in placental extracts between D 14 to D 21 . Until now, it has been impossible to develop a homologous RIA in order to measure PAGs in rabbit plasma, as the recovery of PAGs during the purification procedure was very low and PAGs were undetectable in rabbit plasma using heterologous RIAs. Finally, we demonstrated a rise in MMP-2 and -9 at the middle and the end of the gestation. However, the small variations presented by these matrix metalloproteinases preclude the use of plasma levels of these enzymes as early markers of pregnancy progress in the rabbit.

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A review of pregnancy diagnosis techniques in sheep and goats

Cited by 24 publications

References 33 publications

Pregnancy diagnosis techniques in goats – a review

Pregnancy diagnosis techniques in goats – a review

Early Pregnancy Diagnosis by Means of Ultrasonography as a Method of Improving Reproductive Efficiency in Goats

Variations in plasma matrix metalloproteinases and placental pregnancy - associated glycoproteins during gestation in rabbits

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