A review of processes and technologies for the recycling of lithium-ion secondary batteries

Xu, Jiming; Thomas, Hywel Rhys; Francis, R. W.; Lum, Kristian; Wang, Jingwei; Liang, Bo

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.11.074

Cited by 703 publications

(365 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Furthermore, Li-ion battery recycling processes will be obliged to reach a minimum recycling efficiency of 50% by average weight. A huge number of researches going on with respect to recycling processes, as comprehensively reviewed by Xu et al (2008) and Zeng et al (2014). The major drawback is that, the amount of spent batteries available for recycling is small and does not match the large number of secondary cells produced for every year.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An environmental benign process for cobalt and lithium recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries by mechanochemical approach

2016

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a b s t r a c tIn the current study, an environmental benign process namely mechanochemical approach was developed for cobalt and lithium recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The main merit of the process was that neither corrosive acid nor strong oxidant was applied. In the proposed process, lithium cobalt oxide (obtained from spent LIBs) was firstly co-grinded with various additives in a hermetic ball milling system, then Co and Li could be easily recovered by a water leaching procedure. It was found that EDTA was the most suitable co-grinding reagent, and 98% of Co and 99% of Li were respectively recovered under optimum conditions: LiCoO 2 to EDTA mass ratio 1:4, milling time 4 h, rotary speed 600 r/min and ball-to-powder mass ratio 80:1, respectively. Mechanisms study implied that lone pair electrons provided by two nitrogen atoms and four hydroxyl oxygen atoms of EDTA could enter the empty orbit of Co and Li by solid-solid reaction, thus forming stable and water-soluble metal chelates Li-EDTA and Co-EDTA. Moreover, the separation of Co and Li could be achieved through a chemical precipitation approach. This study provides a high efficiency and environmentally friendly process for Co and Li recovery from spent LIBs.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An environmental benign process for cobalt and lithium recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries by mechanochemical approach

2016

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“…The re-synthesis of electrode active materials or the synthesis of other reactive materials from the spent lithium-ion batteries has been also studied through many investigations. [5][6][7][8] Although there has been a great deal of research achievements developed for the recycling technologies of lithium-ion batteries, most of them are still based on hydrometallurgical chemistry and have been developed with industrial process in mind.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Re-synthesis and Electrochemical Characteristics of LiFePO₄Cathode Materials Recycled from Scrap Electrodes

Kim¹,

Shin²

2013

Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society

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This paper describes an environmentally friendly process for the recovery of LiFePO 4 cathode materials from scrap electrodes by a simple thermal treatment method. The active materials were easily separated from the aluminum substrate foil and polymeric binders were also decomposed at different temperatures (400 o C, 500 o C, 600 o C) for 30 min under nitrogen gas flow. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The electrochemical properties of the recycled LiFePO 4 cathode were evaluated by galvanostatic charge and discharge modes. The specific charge/discharge capacities of the recycled LiFePO 4 cathode were similar to those of the original LiFePO 4 cathode. The LiFePO 4 cathode material recovered at 500 o C exhibits a somewhat higher capacity than those of other recovered materials at high current rates. The recycled LiFePO 4 cathode also showed a good cycling performance.

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“…Recycling LIBs has increasingly become important because their safe disposal may become a serious problem due to the presence of flammable and toxic elements or compounds although spent LIBs are not generally classified as dangerous waste [3][4][5], and at the same time, some economic benefits could be achieved in recovery of major components from LIBs [6][7]. Therefore, an objective of the present study is to develop new recycling process for recovering valuable metals from spent lithium ion batteries, which is eco-friendly and cost-saving process with thermal treatment as well as classification unlike previously developed leaching operations to dissolve all materials from the electrodic powders.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recovery Of Electrodic Powder From Spent Lithium Ion Batteries (LIBs)

Shin¹,

Jung²,

Lee³

et al. 2015

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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ODZYSK PROSZKU ELEKTRODOWEGO Z ZUŻYTYCH AKUMULATORÓW LITOWO-JONOWYCHThis study was focused on recycling process newly proposed to recover electrodic powder enriched in cobalt (Co) and lithium (Li) from spent lithium ion battery. In addition, this new process was designed to prevent explosion of batteries during thermal treatment under inert atmosphere. Spent lithium ion batteries (LIBs) were heated over the range of 300 • C to 600 • C for 2 hours and each component was completely separated inside reactor after experiment. Electrodic powder was successfully recovered from bulk components containing several pieces of metals through sieving operation. The electrodic powder obtained was examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AA) and furthermore image of the powder was taken by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was finally found that cobalt and lithium were mainly recovered to about 49 wt.% and 4 wt.% in electrodic powder, respectively.

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A review of processes and technologies for the recycling of lithium-ion secondary batteries

Cited by 703 publications

References 47 publications

An environmental benign process for cobalt and lithium recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries by mechanochemical approach

An environmental benign process for cobalt and lithium recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries by mechanochemical approach

Re-synthesis and Electrochemical Characteristics of LiFePO₄Cathode Materials Recycled from Scrap Electrodes

Recovery Of Electrodic Powder From Spent Lithium Ion Batteries (LIBs)

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A review of processes and technologies for the recycling of lithium-ion secondary batteries

Cited by 703 publications

References 47 publications

An environmental benign process for cobalt and lithium recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries by mechanochemical approach

An environmental benign process for cobalt and lithium recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries by mechanochemical approach

Re-synthesis and Electrochemical Characteristics of LiFePO4Cathode Materials Recycled from Scrap Electrodes

Recovery Of Electrodic Powder From Spent Lithium Ion Batteries (LIBs)

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Re-synthesis and Electrochemical Characteristics of LiFePO₄Cathode Materials Recycled from Scrap Electrodes