A Review of Rare-Earth Elements Extraction with Emphasis on Non-conventional Sources: Coal and Coal Byproducts, Iron Ore Tailings, Apatite, and Phosphate Byproducts

Peiravi, Meisam; Dehghani, Fahimeh; Ackah, Louis Akainya; Baharlouei, Azam; Godbold, Justin; Liu, Jia; Mohanty, Manoj Kumar; Ghosh, Tathagata

doi:10.1007/s42461-020-00307-5

Cited by 45 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 120 publications

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“…The ion-exchange method has been used for decades and is highly selective. However, its cost limits its use except in certain processes where the production of extremely pure materials is required [3,95]. Similar to ion-exchange, solvent extraction, also known as liquid-liquid extraction, is highly selective and has the advantage over the ion-exchange method because it is fast, cost effective and can be used in a continuous process where large volumes of leachates are required.…”

Section: Methods Of Ree Recoverymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similar to ion-exchange, solvent extraction, also known as liquid-liquid extraction, is highly selective and has the advantage over the ion-exchange method because it is fast, cost effective and can be used in a continuous process where large volumes of leachates are required. Solvent extraction is therefore the most commonly used commercial method for separation and purification of REEs from acid solutions [3]. Another emerging method for REE separation and purification is solid-liquid extraction.…”

Section: Methods Of Ree Recoverymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although, REEs have similar chemical properties, each individual REE displays unique characteristics and generally can not be substituted for specific applications [2]. The field of REE applications is extensive and their demand is high and mainly dominated by the magnetic, catalytic, metallurgical and polishing industries as shown in Figure 1 [3]. From their initial time of discovery, the utilization of REEs has developed from mischmetal to high purity separated REE metal used in current advanced technologies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rare Earths’ Recovery from Phosphogypsum: An Overview on Direct and Indirect Leaching Techniques

et al. 2021

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The need for rare earths elements (REEs) in high tech electrical and electronic based materials are vital. In the global economy, deposits of natural REEs are limited except for countries such as China, which has prompted current attempts to seek alternative resources of REEs. This increased the dependence on major secondary rare earth-bearing sources such as scrap alloy, battery waste, spent catalysts, fly ash, spent magnets, waste light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and phosphogypsum (PG) for a substantial recovery of REEs for use. Recycling of REEs from these alternative waste sources through hydrometallurgical processes is becoming a sustainable and viable approach due to the low energy consumption, low waste generation, few emissions, environmentally friendliness, and economically feasibility. Industrial wastes such as the PG generated from the production of phosphoric acid is a potential secondary resource of REEs that contains a total REE concentration of over 2000 mg/kg depending upon the phosphate ore from which it is generated. Due to trace concentration of REEs in the PG (normally < 0.1% wt.) and their tiny and complex occurrence as mineral phases the recovery process of REE from PG would be highly challenging in both technology and economy. Various physicochemical pre-treatments approaches have been used up to date to up-concentrate REEs from PG prior to their extraction. Methods such as carbonation, roasting, microwave heating, grinding or recrystallization have been widely used for this purpose. This present paper reviews recent literature on various techniques that are currently employed to up-concentrate REs from PG to provide preliminary insight into further critical raw materials recovery. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of the different strategies are discussed as avenues for realization of REE recovery from PG at a larger scale. In all the different approaches, recrystallization of PG appears to show promising advantages due to both high REE recovery as well as the pure PG phase that can be obtained.

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Section: Methods Of Ree Recoverymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methods Of Ree Recoverymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rare Earths’ Recovery from Phosphogypsum: An Overview on Direct and Indirect Leaching Techniques

et al. 2021

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“…Another example is the use of benign reagents and processes for metal or mineral extraction and recovery. Bioleaching is an emerging technology and has been actively researched with various sources [51,101,[111][112][113][114]. Since technospheric stocks tend to contain low-grade profitable elements, utilising bio-heap leaching can be one of the beneficial options with minimal investment.…”

Section: Technological Development and Data Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Technospheric Mining of Mine Wastes: A Review of Applications and Challenges

Lim

Alorro

2021

Sustainable Chemistry

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The concept of mining or extracting valuable metals and minerals from technospheric stocks is referred to as technospheric mining. As potential secondary sources of valuable materials, mining these technospheric stocks can offer solutions to minimise the waste for final disposal and augment metals’ or minerals’ supply, and to abate environmental legacies brought by minerals’ extraction. Indeed, waste streams produced by the mining and mineral processing industry can cause long-term negative environmental legacies if not managed properly. There are thus strong incentives/drivers for the mining industry to recover and repurpose mine and mineral wastes since they contain valuable metals and materials that can generate different applications and new products. In this paper, technospheric mining of mine wastes and its application are reviewed, and the challenges that technospheric mining is facing as a newly suggested concept are presented. Unification of standards and policies on mine wastes and tailings as part of governance, along with the importance of research and development, data management, and effective communication between the industry and academia, are identified as necessary to progress technospheric mining to the next level. This review attempts to link technospheric mining to the promotion of environmental sustainability practices in the mining industry by incorporating green technology, sustainable chemistry, and eco-efficiency. We argue that developing environmentally friendly processes and green technology can ensure positive legacies from the mining industry. By presenting specific examples of the mine wastes, we show how the valuable metals or minerals they contain can be recovered using various metallurgical and mineral processing techniques to close the loop on waste in favour of a circular economy.

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“…1,2 Until recently, ores were considered to be the main source of REEs; however, at present, coals (including brown coal) are regarded as a promising source of REEs. [2][3][4][5][6] Brown coal is viewed as a fuel characterized by low degree of coalication (metamorphism). It is rich in organic matter, including humic acids (HAs), which are involved in the accumulation of REEs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concentrating rare earth elements in brown coal humic acids by mechanochemical treatment

et al. 2021

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A Review of Rare-Earth Elements Extraction with Emphasis on Non-conventional Sources: Coal and Coal Byproducts, Iron Ore Tailings, Apatite, and Phosphate Byproducts

Cited by 45 publications

References 120 publications

Rare Earths’ Recovery from Phosphogypsum: An Overview on Direct and Indirect Leaching Techniques

Rare Earths’ Recovery from Phosphogypsum: An Overview on Direct and Indirect Leaching Techniques

Technospheric Mining of Mine Wastes: A Review of Applications and Challenges

Concentrating rare earth elements in brown coal humic acids by mechanochemical treatment

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