Sugarcane, a significant component of the economy of many countries in the tropics and subtropics, is a large, tropical grass that stores sucrose in its stem and serves as an important food and bioenergy crop. It has long been recognized as one of the world's most efficient crops in converting solar energy into chemical energy harvestable as sucrose and biomass. Current taxonomy divides sugarcane into six species, two of which are wild and always recognized (Saccharum spontaneum L. and Saccharum robustum Brandes and Jewiet ex Grassl). The other species are cultivated and classified variously. Of the four domesticated species of sugarcane, S. officinarum L. was the first named and is the primary species for production of sugar. Recent genomic data for evaluating genetic diversity within Saccharum suggest relationships among accessions that may ultimately produce a definitive classification for the group. Cultivated sugarcanes of today are complex interspecific hybrids primarily between Saccharum officinarum, known as the noble cane, and Saccharum spontaneum, with contributions from S. robustum, S. sinense, S. barberi, and related grass genera such as Miscanthus, Narenga, and Erianthus. Understanding the source and range of diversity of sugarcane species and cultivars can enable breeders in the development of new varieties improved for high productivity with low inputs and wide adaptation to varied environments.