A Review of Recent Studies on Positive Lightning

Abstract

Lightning is a natural phenomenon that has much impact on man and man-made systems. Lightning can be generally characterized as either negative return stroke (NRS) or positive return stroke (PRS). PRS have high peak currents and long continuing current that are responsible for more intense damage than negative return strokes. However, PRS are considerably less studied compared to NRS due the complexity and paucity of PRS. This study attempts to provide an overview of the positive lightning characteristic research in recent years. The review is classified into four groups, which are: preliminary breakdown pulse of positive lightning, compact intracloud discharge, positive leader and positive lightning return stroke. In spite of recent progress made in this area, our knowledge on the physics of positive lightning remains considerably poorer than negative lightning. Many questions regarding the characteristic of positive lightning and their properties cannot be answered without further research. It would be of great interest to examine the positive lightning parameters under different meteorological conditions as well.

Statistical Analysis on Preliminary Breakdown Pulses of Positive Cloud-to-Ground Lightning in Malaysia

“…A negative ground lightning flash is usually initiated at the lower edge of a negative charge center, and the breakdown process is aided by the electric field enhancement caused by a positive charge pocket located below the negative charge center known as the preliminary breakdown pulses (PBP) or initial breakdown pulses [2]. The features of PBP trains in negative cloud-to-ground (CG) flashes have been previously reported [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. The return stroke of positive lightning is also sometimes preceded by a train of bipolar pulses (or PBP) lasting in a duration of few millisecond [15].…”

High-speed video observations on fork lightning events in Malaysia

“…Hitherto, this subject has never been reported in Malaysia. Previous researches done in Malaysia were focusing on lightning characteristics both for negative [14][15][16] and positive lightning [17,18]. Most of the experimental works on lightning researches done in Malaysia were set up by using parallel plat antenna and oscilloscope to retrieve the electric field data.…”