A review of renewable energy generation using modified titania for photocatalytic water splitting

Abstract

Hydrogen is contemplated as a promising renewable source of energy as compared to the fast depleting fossil fuels. The splitting of water for the generation of hydrogen is a perspective approach to produce sustainable fuel. Titanium dioxide is the most commonly used catalyst, the performance of which depends upon its electronic surface structure, bandgap, and type of radiation. This review article summarizes the state of the art developments about the photocatalytic activity of titanium dioxide for hydrogen production from the splitting of water. Special attention has been devoted to the addition of sacrificial reagents, metal/non-metal doping ions, and composite semiconductors in titania for absorbing visible light and enhancing charge separation on a catalyst surface for efficient energy generation of hydrogen fuel from water splitting.

Hydrogen Production from Water Splitting through Photocatalytic Activity of Carbon‐Based Materials

“…Hydrogen is the cleanest source of energy obtained from water [17], with various possible implementations to many applications comprising vehicle power, household heating, fuel cell, and many others with minimal ecological impact [18][19][20]. Furthermore, the application of hydrogen as an energy resource is a long-standing alternative to minimize CO 2 production globally to value-added chemicals by hydrogenation.…”

The Role of Computational Chemistry in Discovering and Understanding Organic Photocatalysts for Renewable Fuel Synthesis

“…In the case of non-negligible exciton binding energy, the likely scenario in organic materials as discussed previously, the excited-state IP and EA, IP* and EA*, see Equations ( 8) and ( 9) respectively, also need to be considered. In Equations (6)(7)(8)(9), written by convention as reductions, x •+ and x •− represent the material with a hole or additional electron, respectively, and are given in terms of the free energies (G) of the different species.…”

“…When the energy required for water splitting is provided by light and the reaction mediated by a catalyst, which converts the absorbed photon energy into free electrons and holes with the correct potential to drive the HER and OER, then this is referred to as photocatalytic water splitting. [ 3–8 ] …”

TiO2/PANI/Graphene–PVA Hydrogel for Recyclable and Highly Efficient Photo-Electrocatalysts

“…Current research focuses on binary semiconductor composite systems of TiO 2 , such as TiO 2 -conductive graphene composites and TiO 2 -conductive polymer composites. 1 However, the synergistic effect of the ternary composite photocatalysts compared with the binary composite photocatalyst makes it more active in photocatalysis composites than pure TiO 2 and the binary composite photocatalyst. Therefore, we designed a kind of PANI− TiO 2 −graphene composite photocatalyst with high visible-light photocatalytic efficiency.…”

“…TiO 2 can form heterojunctions with other materials in multivariate semiconductor composite systems, thereby broadening the photoresponse range. Current research focuses on binary semiconductor composite systems of TiO 2 , such as TiO 2 -conductive graphene composites and TiO 2 -conductive polymer composites . However, the synergistic effect of the ternary composite photocatalysts compared with the binary composite photocatalyst makes it more active in photocatalysis composites than pure TiO 2 and the binary composite photocatalyst.…”