A review of reproductive toxicity of microcystins

Chen, Liang; Chen, Jun; Zhang, Xuezhen; Xie, Ping

doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.08.041

Cited by 309 publications

(140 citation statements)

References 169 publications

(381 reference statements)

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“…On the other hand, MC-LR can induce cell death in various reproductive cell lines through different apoptotic signaling pathways, which finally lead to caspase activation (Chen et al, 2016). Moreover, the metabolism of MC-LR frequently leads to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Weng et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microcystin-leucine-arginine Modulates the Expression Patterns of Proinflammatory Cytokines and an Apoptotic Gene in Chicken Liver

2018

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Microcystins (MCs) are included in drinking water and a family of cyclic heptapeptide hepatotoxins that have been implicated in the impairment of liver function in various animals. There is scarce information on the effect of MCs on cytokines and apoptotic gene expression and on whether MCs can induce inflammation and apoptosis in avian hepatic tissue. This study investigated the expression of genes related to proinflammatory interleukins, apoptosis, and antioxidant function in chicken liver tissues cultured in the presence of different doses of microcystin-leucinearginine (MC-LR). Livers were collected from five hens and liver slices were placed in sterile tubes containing Dulbecco's medium supplemented with 0, 1, 10, or 100 ng/mL of MC-LR. After 6 h of cultivation, total RNA was extracted and quantitative PCR analysis was performed for interleukin genes , TNF sf15, an apoptotic gene (caspase-3), and genes involved in antioxidant function ([catalase [CAT ], glutathione peroxidase [GSH-PX ], and superoxide dismutase [SOD]). Liver tissues in each group were fixed for histopathology. MC-LR downregulated the mRNA levels of IL-1β, IL-8, and TNF sf15 as compared to the control (0 ng/mL) in dosedependent patterns; however, the differences were not significant. The expression of IL-6 in liver tissues exposed to 100 ng/mL of MC-LR was significantly (P＜0.05) lower than that in tissues exposed to 1 ng/mL. In contrast, MC-LR upregulated the mRNA expression of caspase-3 and genes involved in antioxidant function in the liver tissues after 6 h, without the difference reaching statistical significance. Hepatocytes showed vacuolar degeneration and focal necrosis according to the dose of MC-LR. This study highlighted the risk of low doses of MC-LR in chicken liver. Moreover, MC-LR could modulate the transcriptional patterns of at least IL-6 in liver-tissue culture of chicken after 6 h of exposure.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microcystin-leucine-arginine Modulates the Expression Patterns of Proinflammatory Cytokines and an Apoptotic Gene in Chicken Liver

2018

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“…MCs are a class of hepatic heptapeptides produced by toxic cyanobacteria and posed a risk to environment when released as metabolic byproducts or during cyanobacteria cell lysis [3]. MCs shared the common structure of cyclo(-D-Ala 1 -L-X 2 -D-isoAsp 3 -L-Z 4 -Adda 5 -D-isoGlu 6 -N-methyldehydro-Ala 7 ), in which X 2 and Z 4 were two variable amino acids, Adda 5 was 3-amino-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4,6-dienoic acid [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Mechanism for the Regulation of Microcystin Toxicity to Protein Phosphatase 1 by Glutathione Conjugation Pathway

Zong

Wang

et al. 2017

BioMed Research International

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Glutathione (GSH) conjugation was an important pathway to regulate the toxicity of microcystins (MCs) targeted to protein phosphatases. To explore the specific molecular mechanism for GSH detoxification, two typical MC-GSHs (derived from MCLR and MCRR) were synthesized, prepared, and purified according to previous research. Then, the reduced inhibition effect for MC-GSHs on protein phosphatase 1 was verified by comparing with their original toxins. To further clarify the molecular mechanism for MC-GSHs detoxification, we evaluated the interactions between MCs/MC-GSHs and PP1 with the assistance of MOE molecule simulation. When GSH was introduced to MCs, the covalent binding (Mdha7 to Cys273), the hydrophobic interaction (Adda5 with PP1), the hydrogen bonds (especially for Lys2-Arg96 and Glu6-Tyr272), the covalent combination (between Mdha7 and Cys273), and the ion bonds (between Mn2+ and Asn124/His248/Asp64/His66) of MCLR/MCRR-PP1 complexes weakened to a certain extent, while the ion bonds between Mn2+ and His173/Asp92 residues increased. It was not difficult to find that the toxicity of MCs was closely related to the above sites/interactions and the above key information for MCs-PP1; MC-GSHs-PP1 complexes were important for clarifying the detoxification mechanism of MC-GSHs pathway. This study offers a comprehensive cognition on MCs toxicity regulation and provides valid theoretical support to control their potential risk.

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“…MC-LR are potent toxins that many researchers have reported that can cause multiple effects on human health. Toxicological studies have shown that the main target organs of MC-LR is liver [2], besides, it can also cause the gastrointestinal tract, kidney and pancreas, nervous system, reproductive system damage [3][4][5]. MC-LR has also been proved to be a potential human carcinogen [6][7][8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synergistic Effect between Electrochemical and Ultrasound Treatments for Microcystin-LR using BDD electrodes

Gao¹,

Zhang²,

Wu³

et al. 2017

Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Material Science, Energy and Environmental Engineering (MSEEE 2017)

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Abstract. Sonoelectrochemical degradation (US-EC), a relatively new AOPs, is a technique that combined sonication (US) and electrolysis (EC) without the need for additional chemicals for the procedure. Microcystin-LR (MC-LR), as the most toxic and most widespread algal toxin, are threat to human health. Until now US-EC technique have never been applied to MC-LR decomposition. The aim of this paper is to study the effect of MC-LR degradation of US-EC, optimize the sonochemical and electrochemical parameters involved in MC-LR decomposition. US-EC degradation of MC-LR was better than US or EC alone in terms of time and degradation efficiency. The degradation rate of MC-LR was up to 93% applying US (20 kHz ,15 W) to the EC (6 mA cm -2 ) for 5min, and the residual concentration of MC-LR in the water was less than 1µg L -1 (the limits set by WHO). With processing time is extended to 10 minutes, the degradation rate was reached 99%.

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A review of reproductive toxicity of microcystins

Cited by 309 publications

References 169 publications

Microcystin-leucine-arginine Modulates the Expression Patterns of Proinflammatory Cytokines and an Apoptotic Gene in Chicken Liver

Microcystin-leucine-arginine Modulates the Expression Patterns of Proinflammatory Cytokines and an Apoptotic Gene in Chicken Liver

Molecular Mechanism for the Regulation of Microcystin Toxicity to Protein Phosphatase 1 by Glutathione Conjugation Pathway

Synergistic Effect between Electrochemical and Ultrasound Treatments for Microcystin-LR using BDD electrodes

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