A review of research on the impact of E171/TiO2 NPs on the digestive tract

Nanoparticle applications in food – a review

“…In the United States, the American Food and Drug Administration (FDA) informs that titanium oxide can be used as a food additive in amounts not exceeding 1% of the total weight of the product. 161 In a mouse study, it was also observed that resveratrol (100 mg per kg body weight per day) and vitamin E (300 mg per kg body weight per day) reduced the ROS increase caused by titanium oxide nanoparticles in the body. 162 So there is a correlation between nanoparticles and other chemicals.…”

“…A single oral dose of nanoparticles (25, 80 or 155 nm at 5000 mg per kg body weight) resulted in their accumulation in organs such as the spleen, kidneys, and the liver. 161 The presence of titanium oxide nanoparticles may interfere with the proper functioning of the digestive tract. In the United States, the American Food and Drug Administration (FDA) informs that titanium oxide can be used as a food additive in amounts not exceeding 1% of the total weight of the product.…”

Impact of nano-titanium dioxide extracted from food products on Caco-2 cells using three-phase digestion model

“…9,11,12 The nanomaterial has also been evidenced to cause DNA strand breaks, chromosomal damage, and gene mutation, and can induce epigenetic modifications. 8,10,[12][13][14] At higher concentrations, TiO 2 nanoparticles cause reproductive toxicity in both females and males, [15][16][17] and induce oxidative stress that leads to cell damage, inflammation, and adverse immune responses. 9,11,12,17 Systematic review and metaanalysis have demonstrated that TiO 2 nanoparticles disrupt the mammalian cell cycle in vitro, 18 and disturb glucose and lipid homeostasis in mice and rats.…”

Bacillus coagulans Alleviates Intestinal Damage Induced by TiO2 Nanoparticles in Mice on a High-Fat Diet

“…Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO 2 NPs) are promising nanomaterials that have been widely used in a variety of fields, such as the cosmetic industry, the field of medicine, and the food industry [ 1 ]. TiO 2 NPs are generally added in considerable amounts to food, as colorants to improve the sensory properties of food and as food preservatives due to their antibacterial properties [ 2 ].…”

“…TiO 2 NPs are generally added in considerable amounts to food, as colorants to improve the sensory properties of food and as food preservatives due to their antibacterial properties [ 2 ]. For example, sweets and candies contain high levels of TiO 2 NPs, even as much as 2.5 mg of titanium per g of food [ 1 , 3 ]. A vital way for people to consume TiO 2 NPs is orally.…”