A Review of Rice Authenticity/Adulteration Methods and Results

Abstract

Rice importance resides in its high consumption mainly in Asia and Africa and less in the EU. Several cultivars, both GM and non-GM, have established themselves in various regions depending mainly on the climatic and soil conditions. A high number of analytical, enzymic, and genomic analyses (instrumental) in conjunction with sensory analysis were applied (not always very successfully) towards detecting deliberate or non-deliberate rice adulteration. It was shown that the application of multivariate analysis to data obtained is very beneficial because it allows the effective discrimination of different origin, and/or cultivar rice. Although sensory analysis is based on a trained panel (subjective method), if this panel has been properly trained the adulteration results are comparable to those of the instrumental analysis obtained.

Study on the Gelatinization Properties and Amylose Content of Rice Varieties from Nigeria and Cameroun

“…The variation in amylose classification among samples between very low to intermediate agrees with literature that amylose content in rice is influenced by variety [24,25]. Mean± SD values within same column followed by same letters are not significantly different (P>0.05) Table 2 indicated statistical similarity in parameters between the two groups of rice varieties.…”

Review of methods for the detection and quantification of adulteration of rice: Basmati as a case study

“…However, NIR spectra of individual grains misclassified 8 % of basmati and 14 % of the other rices. Subsequently, a number of analytical techniques such as Gas Chromatography (Rao and Muralikrishna 2004), Gas chromatography in conjunction with Mass Spectrometry (Suzuki et al 1999), High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (Huebner et al 1990;Hamada 1996), Calorimetry (Ahmed et al 2008), Mid or Near-Infrared (NIR) Spectroscopy (Largo-Gosens et al 2014;Osborne et al 1993), Fourier Transform NIR Spectroscopy (Attaviroj et al 2011), Fluorescence and UV spectroscopy (Gangidi et al 2002), Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (Srikumar 1993), have been used for cultivar discrimination either alone or in conjunction with the application of chemometric or multivariate analysis methods like Principal Component Analysis, Discriminant Analysis, and Cluster Analysis, and Partial Least Squares (Singhal et al 1997;Vlachos and Arvanitoyannis 2008) (Table 1).…”

“…Important protein-based methods includes isozymes based gel electrphoresis, immunoassays (Vlachos and Arvanitoyannis 2008), Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels (SDS-PAGE) (Montalvan et al 1998), Western blotting (Li et al 20011;Singh et al 2004) and Kjeldahl method and Soxhlet apparatus (Storck et al 2005) (Table 1).…”

“…In addition to detection of the adulterant, accurate quantification of the adulterants is also a key aspect in rice authenticity (Vlachos and Arvanitoyannis 2008). Since rice is a farm product, a certain amount of inadvertent mixture is expected during post harvesting period of cultivation.…”

“…Authenticity of rice products become a key issue in the food industry addressed to protect the interests of quality conscious consumers, stakeholders, and importing countries (Vlachos and Arvanitoyannis 2008). Adulteration in rice either adventitiously or deliberately is feasible right from crop harvest to till the grain reaches to the hands of the consumers.…”