A review of solar and visible light active TiO2 photocatalysis for treating bacteria, cyanotoxins and contaminants of emerging concern

Antibacterial properties of F-doped ZnO visible light photocatalyst

“…Photocatalysts such as TiO 2 or ZnO activated by UV or/and visible light (Fig. 9) [37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44] as a result of the transfer of an electron from the valance band (VB) to the conduction band (CB). The ROS produced as a result of the photocatalytic reaction will be capable of damaging the cell wall and can decompose the cellular materials (Fig.…”

“…9). It is known that the holes produced during the visible light irradiation will not have sufficient reduction potential to generate hydroxyl radical by oxidizing water molecules [5,20,41,42]. However, less oxidative species such as superoxide anions and singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) are believed to be responsible for the anti-bacterial action during the visible light induced photocatalysis [5,20].…”

“…Fluorine also plays an important role as it can reduce the band gap of the photocatalyst and increase its photocatalytic performance in the visible light region [38][39][40][41]. It is also evident from the studies that oxygen defects play an important role in obtaining optimum properties [40].…”

“…Further modification of the synthesis procedure by controlling the annealing conditions to alter the oxygen stoichiometry under different (e.g., reducing, inert or oxygen rich) atmospheres can possibly lead to the formation of materials with optimum functional properties. Results of physicochemical and biological testing of the doped ZnO materials indicate that these materials will have potential application of in various areas such as photocaltalytic environmental purification, water disinfection, pharmaceutical effluent degradation and energy production and conversion [5,41,43,44].…”

Grafted semiconductors on PE-films leading to bacterial inactivation: Synthesis, characterization and mechanism

“…Bacterial inactivation materials/films have widely used TiO 2 and Fe-oxides under sunlight irradiation leading to highly oxidative radicals [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. TiO 2 absorbs only 4-5% of the incident solar radiation with an absorption edge at ∼390 nm.…”