A review of solidification/stabilization interferences

Performance assessment of stabilised/solidified waste-forms

“…Among the interferences are: retardation of cement hydration, decrease in the strength of the concrete and an increase in permeability through promotion of ettringite formation (Trussell and Spence, 1994). The same authors report that the increase in cement permeability has no implications for the immobilisation of Zn, suggesting that it is chemically bound in the S/S system.…”

“…In S/S treated soils, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) investigations showed that lead was present as sulfate or carbonate, precipitated on the outer surfaces of cement clinker (Trussell and Spence, 1994). This represents a relatively weak immobilisation, as fluctuations in pore water pH can dissolve the precipitated salts making the metal available for leaching (Gougar et al, 1996).…”

Environmental Pollution Remediation through Solidification/Fixation of Heavy Metal Ions in Portland Cement

“…It is a widely accepted treatment process for a broad range of waste generally the metal concentrations in these wastes are too low for economic recovery but high enough to represent toxicity hazards [26,27]. Ludwiq et al [28] found that ordinary Portland cement is a material found to be most useful for the purpose of solidification/ stabilization due to its ability for fixation and immobilization of heavy metals.…”

“…Trussel and Spence and Mattus and Mattus; included the discussion of qualitative effect on Zn, Pb and Cr on the cement properties [26,53]. Arliquie and Grandet reported that an amorphous layer of Zn(OH) 2 is formed during hydration of C 3 S phase in the presence of Zn, thus retarding the hydration of this phase [54].…”

Use of cement-fly ash-based stabilization techniques for the treatment of waste containing aromatic contaminants

“…Reduction of organic and inorganic pollutants mobility is a result of the reactions of precipitation, hydrolysis, oxidation/reduction, complexation or adsorption [5,6]. Significant impact of organic pollutants on cement hydration process restricts possibilities of S/S technology [6], therefore the efficiency of immobilization of organic contaminants in cement depends strongly on possibilities of their physical lock-up [7]. Additionally, in order to reduce the impact of organic pollutants on the course of S/S process, various cement additives are applied, such as: fly ash, powdery clays, quick lime, hydrated lime, gypsum and natural resins.…”