A review of sources, fate, levels, toxicity, exposure and transformations of organophosphorus flame-retardants and plasticizers in the environment

Chokwe, Tlou B.; Abafe, Ovokeroye A.; Mbelu, Senzy P.; Okonkwo, Jonathan O.; Sibali, Linda L.

doi:10.1016/j.emcon.2020.08.004

Cited by 69 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 130 publications

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“…Compared with other OPEs, TCEP is more persistent. Due to potential toxicity and health effects, restrictions or prohibitions of TCEP have been issued in Canada, the United States and some European countries [ 1 ]. However, as a high-yield chlorinated OPE, TCEP is still widely used in some industrialized areas in China, and its health effects call for more attention.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, some widely used brominated flame retardants, e.g., polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), were banned or restricted due to their persistence, long-range atmospheric transport, bioaccumulation and potential adverse effects on mammals [ 1 ]. As alternatives to PBDEs, the consumption of organophosphate esters (OPEs) has surged, with an annual increase of 15% in China [ 2 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Human Exposure to Chlorinated Organophosphate Ester Flame Retardants and Plasticizers in an Industrial Area of Shenzhen, China

Liu

Zhu²,

Xie

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Human exposure to organophosphate esters (OPEs) is more pervasive in industrial areas manufacturing OPE-related products. OPE exposure is of great concern due to its associations with adverse health effects, while studies on OPE exposure in industrial districts are scarce. This study aimed to assess human exposure to OPEs in a typical industrial area producing large amounts of OPE-related products in Shenzhen, China. Tris (2-chloroethyl)-phosphate (TCEP), tris (2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) and other common OPEs were analyzed in urine (n = 30) and plasma (n = 21) samples. Moreover, we measured five OPE metabolites (mOPEs) in plasma samples (n = 21). The results show that TCPP and TCEP are dominant compounds, with moderate to high levels compared with those reported in urine and plasma samples from other regions. In addition, di-n-butyl phosphate (DnBP) and diethyl phosphite (DEP) were frequently detected in plasma samples and could be considered as biomarkers. Risk assessment revealed a moderate to high potential health risk from TCEP exposure. Our results provide basic data for human exposure to OPEs in industrial areas and call for the prevention and mitigation of industrial chlorinated OPE pollution.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Exposure to Chlorinated Organophosphate Ester Flame Retardants and Plasticizers in an Industrial Area of Shenzhen, China

Liu

Zhu²,

Xie

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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“…Recent years, sediments have become the main focus of studies assessing OPFRs concentration because they are generally considered to be sinks for OPFRs (Tan et al 2016). In most of the studies, it was observed that nonchlorinated-OPFRs were more abundant in sediments compared to the chlorinated-OPFRs (Chokwe et al 2020). In the sediments of the Bohai Sea and the northern East China Sea, the concentration of OPFRs was as high as 169 ng.g −1 dw, with detection rate ranging from 1.1% ~ 94.5% (Liao et al 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination And Environmental Risk Assessment Of Organophosphorus Flame Retardants In Sediments Of The South China Sea

Pan

Liu

Zheng

et al. 2022

Preprint

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As ubiquitous contaminants in environment, organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) would eventually settle in marine sediment. In this study, concentrations, spatial distributions, and ecological risks of seven OPFRs in sediment samples of the South China Sea (SCS) were investigated for the first time. Total concentration of all OPFRs ranged from 2.5 to 32.3 ng/g dry weight (dw), in which the abundance of tri-cresyl phosphates (TCPs) was the highest. OPFRs in the SCS was at a medium level compared with those from other parts of the world. The nearshore ocean current, ship transportation and riverine inputs might influence the spatial distributions of OPFRs. The total inventory of six OPFRs in sediment was estimated to be 202.8 tons (16.7×104 km2). Hazard Quotient (HQ) of OPFRs ranged from 0 to 3.2E-02, indicating ignorable ecological risk of OPFRs in sediments of the SCS. This study provides insight for the occurrence of current-use OPFRs in the SCS which deserved long-term concern in future due to their continuous terrigenous inputs.

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“…Among the organophosphorus compounds, organophosphate esters are increasingly used in the flame retardant industry. However, organophosphate esters from both flame retardant and pesticide application are also ubiquitous in abiotic, including air, water, dust, soil, sediment, and sludge, and biotic matrices, including birds, fish, and human tissue [ 21 , 22 , 23 ]. The determined levels and their distribution in different biotic and abiotic matrices indicate different patterns due to different consumption levels, different bioaccumulation and biomagnification capacities, different metabolic pathways, etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Estill et al reported that concentrations of organophosphate FR in air in the manufacturing, construction, and service sectors were higher and more prevalent than those of polybrominated diphenyl ethers [ 25 ]. More detailed information about the concentrations of organophosphorus-based flame retardants in the abiotic and biotic matrices can be found in the literature [ 7 , 21 , 22 , 26 , 27 ]. Results from toxicity testing, epidemiological studies, and risk assessments indicate that health concerns exist at current exposure levels for both halogenated and non-halogenated organophosphate ester flame retardants [ 28 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Insights into Antibacterial and Antifungal Properties, Cytotoxicity and Aquatic Ecotoxicity of Flame Retardant PA6/DOPO-Derivative Nanocomposite Textile Fibers

et al. 2021

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal activity, cytotoxicity, leaching, and ecotoxicity of novel flame retardant polyamide 6 (PA6) textile fibers developed by our research group. The textile fibers were produced by the incorporation of flame-retardant bridged 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) derivative (PHED) in the PA6 matrix during the in situ polymerization process at concentrations equal to 10 and 15 wt% (PA6/10PHED and PA6/15PHED, respectively). Whilst the nanodispersed PHED provided highly efficient flame retardancy, its biological activity led to excellent antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, as well as excellent antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. The results confirmed leaching of the PHED, but the tested leachates did not cause any measurable toxic effect to the duckweed Lemna minor. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the leached PHED from the PA6/15PHED sample was confirmed for human cells from adipose tissue in direct and prolonged contact. The targeted biological activity of the organophosphinate flame retardant could be beneficial for the development of PA6 textile materials with multifunctional properties and the low ecotoxicity profile, while the PHED’s leaching and cytotoxicity limit their application involving the washing processes and direct contact with the skin.

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A review of sources, fate, levels, toxicity, exposure and transformations of organophosphorus flame-retardants and plasticizers in the environment

Cited by 69 publications

References 130 publications

Human Exposure to Chlorinated Organophosphate Ester Flame Retardants and Plasticizers in an Industrial Area of Shenzhen, China

Human Exposure to Chlorinated Organophosphate Ester Flame Retardants and Plasticizers in an Industrial Area of Shenzhen, China

Determination And Environmental Risk Assessment Of Organophosphorus Flame Retardants In Sediments Of The South China Sea

New Insights into Antibacterial and Antifungal Properties, Cytotoxicity and Aquatic Ecotoxicity of Flame Retardant PA6/DOPO-Derivative Nanocomposite Textile Fibers

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