A review of suspension-Scattered particles used in blood-mimicking fluid for doppler ultrasound imaging

Abstract

Doppler ultrasound imaging system description and calibration need blood-mimicking fluids (BMFs) for the test target of medical ultrasound diagnostic tools, with known interior features and acoustic and physical properties of this fluid (BMF). Physical and acoustical properties determined in the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standard are specified as constant values, the materials used in the BMF preparation should have values similar to the IEC standard values. However, BMF is ready-made commercially from a field of medical usage, which may not be appropriate in the layout of ultrasound system or for an estimate of novel imaging mechanism. It is often eligible to have the capability to make sound properties and mimic blood arrangement for specific applications. In this review, sufficient BMF materials, liquids, and measures are described which have been generated by utilizing diverse operation mechanism and materials that have sculptured a range of biological systems.

Development of Custom Wall-Less Cardiovascular Flow Phantoms with Tissue-Mimicking Gel

“…Numerous options of BMFs have been determined that mimic the density, viscosity, speed of sound, and backscatter of blood as well as the refractive index of various tissue-mimicking materials. 3,8,23,25,43,44,61 The most suitable fluid should be chosen based on the needs presented by a given application. With the combination of flow and the mechanical behavior of the gel, these phantoms have great potential for use alongside Computational Fluid Dynamics methods such as Immersed Boundary or Fluid-Structure Interaction.…”

“…The fluid consisted of distilled water with cornstarch for VFI. In order to illicit a signal similar to that of blood cells for the speckle tracking, a blood-mimicking fluid (BMF) containing nylon particles was used for BSI to mimic the acoustic scatter and viscosity of human blood with q = 1037 kg/m 3 and l = 4.1 mP s. 23,43,47 VFI was performed using a bk5000 system with built-in VFI (BK Medical, Peabody, MA) and 5 MHz linear probe (Linear Array 8L2, BK Medical) with and without vector arrows overlaid and at two different reference velocities: 66.7 cm/s and 261.9 cm/s. For BSI, a Vivid E95 with BSI software (GE Vingmed Ultrasound, Horten, Norway) and 6 MHz phased array probe (6S, GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI) were used to obtain images at a reference velocity of 23 cm/s with and without particles displaying flow trajectory.…”

Artifacts in Diagnostic Ultrasonography

“…5,6 Evaluation and estimation of the US features of a goal and the surrounding anatomy parts lead to a significant role in diagnosis to the pathologist (disease or pathology). [7][8][9][10][11] The term artifact comes from the Latin skill and act; it was used for the first time in English in 1821. 12 The definition of artifact includes (1) An object created or produced by human profession, particularly as an instrument, arm, or decoration of historical or archeological interest.…”

A brief review for common doppler ultrasound flow phantoms

“…Moreover, the phantoms are applied to evaluate the development of modern probes, new medical imaging modalities, and medical diagnostic and image processing techniques. [ 1 2 3 4 5 6 ]…”