A review of sustainable sanitation systems in Africa

Nansubuga, Irene Genevieve; Banadda, Noble; Verstraete, Willy; Rabaey, Korneel

doi:10.1007/s11157-016-9400-3

Cited by 60 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…The increasing consumption and production of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in low and low-middle income countries (LLMICs) is growing environmental concern owing to the awareness of possible ecotoxicological effects (Kookana et al, 2014). This is related to the diffused practice of direct discharge of untreated wastewater (DUW), the main source of APIs to the environment, which creates a heavily polluted area downstream from the discharge point, named the "impact zone" (A.I.S.E./CESIO, 1995;Finnegan et al, 2009;Kookana et al, 2014;Malik et al, 2015;Nansubuga et al, 2016;Thebo et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sorption of active pharmaceutical ingredients in untreated wastewater effluent and effect of dilution in freshwater: Implications for an “impact zone” environmental risk assessment approach

Bagnis

Fitzsimons

Snape

et al. 2018

Science of The Total Environment

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Evidence of ecotoxicological effects of active pharmaceuticals ingredients (APIs) has increased research into their environmental fate. In low and low-middle income countries (LLMICs) the main source of APIs to surface waters is from discharge of untreated wastewater. Consequently, concentrations of APIs can be relatively high in the "impact zone" downstream of a discharge point. Little is known about the fate of APIs in these impact zones. In this laboratory scale investigation, the effect of successive dilution of synthetic untreated wastewater (dilution factor 1 to 10) on the distribution of APIs was studied. The sorption was consistent with the chemical properties of each compound: charge, lipophilicity, and structure. Dilution increased desorption of the basic and neutral APIs (up to 27.7%) and correlated with their lipophilicity (R>0.980); the positive charge was of secondary importance. Anions did not significantly desorb (<10% loss). Increased concentrations of dissolved organic matter at dilutions of 8 and 10 times that of untreated wastewater coincided with lower dissolved API concentrations. The data showed a clear trend in the desorption process of APIs that may lead to higher exposure risk than anticipated. Therefore, it is suggested that these aspects should be accounted for in the development of dedicated environmental risk assessment approach for APIs in riverine impact zones of LLMICs countries.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sorption of active pharmaceutical ingredients in untreated wastewater effluent and effect of dilution in freshwater: Implications for an “impact zone” environmental risk assessment approach

Bagnis

Fitzsimons

Snape

et al. 2018

Science of The Total Environment

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“…The most common types of sanitation infrastructure in many African cities are pit latrines and septic tanks, covering 60 %-100 % of the population (Nansubuga et al, 2016). In sub-Saharan Africa, only Angola, Botswana, Cabo Verde, Equatorial Guinea and South Africa have more than 70 % coverage of improved sanitation -one that hygienically separates human excreta from human contact -with an average of 40 % in 2015 (WHO/UNICEF, 2015).…”

Section: Lack Of Infrastructure Financial Resources and Skillsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Where feasible, transfer of water from those regions with excess water to the waterdeficient regions can also be an option (Setegn and Donoso, 2015). Nansubuga et al (2016) argued that in particular, resource recovery, e.g., through water reclamation programs, is a pivotal strategy for wastewater management in sub-Saharan Africa.…”

Section: Possible Solutions For Alleviation Of Water Scarcitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The expansion of water reclamation on the global scale has been driven by multiple factors: pressure on water resources derived from climate change (Nazari et al, 2012;Jiménez et al, 2010); water stress derived from population growth and, consequently, growth of cities that challenge the water resources and sanitation systems (Lautze et al, 2014); environmental and economic concerns that limit the use of other solutions to combat water scarcity, such as long-distance water transfer, construction of large dams and desalination (GWI, 2010); and increased confidence in and reduced costs of membrane and disinfection technologies, which provide assurance of the safety of reclaimed water blended into reservoirs or aquifers for potable uses (GWI, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Water reclamation for industrial use in sub-Saharan Africa – a critical review

Gulamussen

Arsénio²,

Matsinhe

et al. 2019

Drink. Water Eng. Sci.

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Abstract. The increasing world population and growth of industrial development lead to growing water scarcity that, combined with deficient sanitation services, represents serious challenges, particularly in regions like sub-Saharan Africa. Water reclamation is a promising approach to reduce water scarcity, serving as a driving force for better sanitation services and protecting the environment by treating sewage and redistributing for the benefit of other water-dependent applications (e.g., industries). This paper aims to give an overview of the global trends on water reclamation, with a focus on industrial use, and to derive lessons for implementation of water reclamation projects in sub-Saharan Africa. Findings show that extensive experience exists in technology and management practices that can allow successful implementation of water reclamation projects in the region. Under the conditions of deficient sanitation services and low levels of technical expertise, the main challenge is to develop a framework that can facilitate the integration of social and technological methodologies and help in introducing water reclamation in water allocation planning, including the development of specific legislation for industrial water use and disposal.

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“…Worryingly, these Sub-Saharan countries have also been left behind in the development of sanitation services. This has caused the degradation of water quality because of the discharge of wastewater from domestic, industrial and agricultural sources (Nansubuga et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An ethnography of policy: water reuse policy in Kenya

Wakhungu

2019

Water Policy

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Water scarcity and inadequate infrastructure for sanitation are two challenges that are emblematic to Kenya and other developing nations in Sub-Saharan Africa. Under such circumstances, water reuse has the potential to address these challenges but only under a favourable policy environment. In this paper, policy documents were considered as the ethnographic object to understand how people talk about water reuse in Kenya through policies, plans, regulations and guidelines. Using a general inductive approach to content analysis, the findings suggest that Kenya's policy on water reuse has progressed, especially in the recognition of the potential of reused water for addressing water scarcity, pollution, cleaner industrial production, food production, and climate change adaptation and mitigation. While many of the water reuse issues have been discussed under water and irrigation, environment and industrialization, other key sectors such as food and agriculture, housing, urban development and health remain silent on water reuse. Therefore, there is a need to take water reuse conversations beyond the water, environment, and industrialisation sectors if we are to address the water supply and wastewater management issues. Likewise, the study reminds us of the importance of foregrounding public perception and harmonized institutional arrangements in the success of water reuse in the country.

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A review of sustainable sanitation systems in Africa

Cited by 60 publications

References 48 publications

Sorption of active pharmaceutical ingredients in untreated wastewater effluent and effect of dilution in freshwater: Implications for an “impact zone” environmental risk assessment approach

Sorption of active pharmaceutical ingredients in untreated wastewater effluent and effect of dilution in freshwater: Implications for an “impact zone” environmental risk assessment approach

Water reclamation for industrial use in sub-Saharan Africa – a critical review

An ethnography of policy: water reuse policy in Kenya

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