A review of test protocols for the evaluation of teat disinfectants

Fitzpatrick, Sarah Rose; Garvey, Mary; Gleeson, David

doi:10.1111/1471-0307.12516

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(249 reference statements)

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“…In some cases, an increase in bacterial counts was observed after disinfection. This could be due to applying different pressures to the swab when sampling (Fitzpatrick et al ., 2018).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of a pre-milking teat foam and a liner disinfectant on the presence of mesophilic and (proteolytic) psychrotrophic bacteria prior to milking

Verhegghe

Block

Weyenberg

et al. 2019

Journal of Dairy Research

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Contamination of raw milk by psychrotrophs can lead to the production of heat-resistant proteases and subsequent spoilage of UHT milk. Therefore, this research communication evaluated the effect of a pre-milking teat disinfectant (active components: L-(+)-lactic acid and salicylic acid) and a liner disinfectant (active components: peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide) on the number of mesophilic and (proteolytic) psychrotrophic bacteria prior to milking. The teat orifices of 10 cows were sampled using a swabbing procedure before and after treatment with a pre-milking teat disinfectant on six subsequent days. On the teat orifices, there was a small but statistically significant decrease in the psychrotrophic bacterial counts between pre and post dipping. No differences were observed for the mesophilic bacterial counts and proteolytic active counts. Liners were also sampled using swabs pre and post disinfection. No statistically significant decrease in the bacterial counts was observed post liner disinfection, although there was a numerical decrease. Sixty-two percent of the proteolytic psychrotrophs were pseudomonads: 16.5% of which were P. fragi, 14.3% P. lundensis, 10.0% P. fluorescens and 2.9% P. putida. Trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) analysis revealed a wide variety in proteolytic activity (from 0 to 55 µmol glycine/ml milk) and the presence of high producers. It can be concluded that there was only a minor effect of teat and liner disinfection on the psychrotrophic bacterial counts indicating that the measures presented did not result in a reduction of the targeted bacteria on teat orifices and liners.

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“…In some cases, an increase in bacterial counts was observed after disinfection. This could be due to applying different pressures to the swab when sampling (Fitzpatrick et al ., 2018).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been suggested that an effective teat disinfectant should minimally yield a 3 log reduction in bacterial numbers, with a 4–5 log reduction being preferable (Fitzpatrick et al ., 2018). We did not observe more than a 3 log reduction in bacterial numbers in our study for either mesophilic or psychotrophic counts.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of a pre-milking teat foam and a liner disinfectant on the presence of mesophilic and (proteolytic) psychrotrophic bacteria prior to milking

Verhegghe

Block

Weyenberg

et al. 2019

Journal of Dairy Research

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“…There were 4 treatment groups and one control: casein hydrolysate; casein hydrolysate + dry cow antibiotic (Dry-Clox, Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, CT, USA); casein hydrolysate + teat sealant (Orbeseal, Zoetis Animal Health, Parsippany, NJ, USA); casein hydrolysate + dry cow antibiotic + teat sealant; and dry cow treatment + teat sealant (control). One half of each udder, front and rear quarters combined, was randomized to a treatment group, while the other half received control, allowing every cow to serve as her own control and minimize the effect of variability between animals [ 23 , 24 ]. Study cows were marked with corresponding colored leg bands on both hind legs, along with an additional leg band used to identify the control side.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Bovine Mammary Involution and Intramammary Infections Following Intramammary Treatment with Casein Hydrolysate and Other Conventional Treatments at Dry-Off

Britten

Rood

Wilson

2021

Animals

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Alternatives to routine antibiotic treatment of dairy cattle during the dry period before their next calving are of interest. This was a preliminary study of whether intramammary infusion of casein hydrolysate, administered alone or combined with standard dry treatment, accelerated the rate of mammary involution early in the dry period. Four treatments were studied in a split udder design. One udder half was assigned a treatment, and the contralateral half was administered dry cow treatment + internal teat sealant as a control. Treatments were casein hydrolysate, casein hydrolysate + dry cow treatment, casein hydrolysate + teat sealant and casein hydrolysate + dry cow treatment + teat sealant. Cows (n = 16) were blocked by a number of intramammary infections per udder half (0 or 1+) and randomized to treatments. Milk production was not different between control or treated udder halves post-calving. A generalized linear mixed model tested for differences between the treatment groups in the concentration of mammary involution indicators in milk: somatic cell count, bovine lactoferrin and bovine serum albumin. At 7 days, dry udder halves treated with casein hydrolysate had higher milk concentrations of lactoferrin than those treated with casein hydrolysate + dry cow treatment, casein hydrolysate + teat sealant and control. At 10 days dry, bovine serum albumin was higher in udder halves treated with casein hydrolysate than in those treated with casein hydrolysate + dry cow treatment, casein hydrolysate + dry cow treatment + teat sealant and control. Post-calving, casein hydrolysate-treated udder halves produced 51% of total milk, unchanged from before dry-off. There were seven total intramammary infections entering the dry period, all caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci. Cure rates (3/7, 43%) were not different among all treatments and control, partly because of the small sample size. Intramammary infusion of casein hydrolysate at the end of lactation may be an alternative or possible adjunct to antibiotic dry cow therapy.

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“…A review of test protocols for the evaluation of teat disinfectants is presented in the paper by Fitzpatrick et al (2021). Milkers should disinfect the udder teats before milking by immersing them in an approved disinfectant in order to reduce bacterial counts on the teat skin Gleeson et al, 2009;Baumberger et al, 2016;Fitzpatrick et al, 2018;Gleeson et al, 2018;Fitzpatrick et al, 2021). Nowadays, numerous preparations (iodine, chlorine, chlorhexidine -based and others) are available for disinfecting udder teats before cow milking.…”

Section: Premilking Hygiene Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hygiene Procedures Before, During and After Cow Milking

Hristov

Stankovic²,

Samolovac³

et al. 2023

AVM

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In this review paper, hygienic procedures before, during and after cow milking are discussed. The procedures for maintaining hygienic udders before and after milking, as well as maintaining the hygiene of milking units are described. The description includes the maintenance of milker's hand hygiene, udder disinfection and udder disinfection after milking. It is pointed out that these milking procedures should be carried out in a clean environment and without any disturbance to cows. In addition, the need to control the implementation of these hygiene measures is emphasized. A proper way of carrying out the hygienic procedures essentially contributes to reduction of the number of microorganisms and the number of somatic cells in milk, the frequency of occurrence of mastitis, which significantly affects quality of milk and health of milking cows.

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A review of test protocols for the evaluation of teat disinfectants

Cited by 6 publications

References 27 publications

Effect of a pre-milking teat foam and a liner disinfectant on the presence of mesophilic and (proteolytic) psychrotrophic bacteria prior to milking

Effect of a pre-milking teat foam and a liner disinfectant on the presence of mesophilic and (proteolytic) psychrotrophic bacteria prior to milking

Comparison of Bovine Mammary Involution and Intramammary Infections Following Intramammary Treatment with Casein Hydrolysate and Other Conventional Treatments at Dry-Off

Hygiene Procedures Before, During and After Cow Milking

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