A Review of the Biology and Control of Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), with Special Reference to Biological Control Using Entomopathogenic Fungi

Sani, Ibrahim; Ismail, Siti Izera; Abdullah, Sumaiyah; Jalinas, Johari; Jamian, Syari; Saad, Norazalina

doi:10.3390/insects11090619

Cited by 129 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 109 publications

(143 reference statements)

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“…Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera; Aleyrodoidea) is a cryptic species complex consisting of at least 34 distinct genetic groups and 392 haplotypes (De Barro, 2012), most of which are challenging to distinguish morphologically (Boykin et al, 2013). Bemisia tabaci have been identified in most countries and on all continents except Antarctica (Kanakala and Ghanim, 2019;Sani et al, 2020). The Mediterranean (MED, formerly known as the Q biotype) and the Middle-East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1, formerly known as the B biotype or Bemisia argentifolii) are thought to be among the most widespread and invasive B. tabaci species (Boykin et al, 2013).…”

Section: Bemisia Tabaci Poses a Serious Threat To Cropsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nymph colonization often induces chlorosis in young leaves of plants such as cotton (Pollard, 1955) and tomato due to decreased chlorophyll content (Buntin et al, 1993). In addition, B. tabaci transmits more than 200 plant viruses (Sani et al, 2020) from the following groups: Begomoviruses (e.g., tomato yellow leaf curl virus, TYLCV); Carlaviruses (Cowpea mild mottle virus, CPMMV); Criniviruses (Tomato chlorosis virus, ToCV); Ipomoviruses (Cucumber vein yellowing virus, CVYV); and Torradoviruses (Tomato torrado virus, ToTV) (Navas-Castillo et al, 2011). These viruses can cause up to 100% yield losses in crops (Brown and Bird, 1992).…”

Section: Bemisia Tabaci Poses a Serious Threat To Cropsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The time of development from egg to adult whitefly may take between 16 and 31 days depending on the plant host species and temperature (Powell and Bellows, 1992;Fekrat and Shishehbor, 2007;Sani et al, 2020). The crawler stage of whiteflies is the most sensitive stage of whitefly development.…”

Section: Effector Expression Patterns Through the Whitefly Lifecyclementioning

confidence: 99%

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Spotlight on the Roles of Whitefly Effectors in Insect–Plant Interactions

et al. 2021

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The Bemisia tabaci species complex (whitefly) causes enormous agricultural losses. These phloem-feeding insects induce feeding damage and transmit a wide range of dangerous plant viruses. Whiteflies colonize a broad range of plant species that appear to be poorly defended against these insects. Substantial research has begun to unravel how phloem feeders modulate plant processes, such as defense pathways, and the central roles of effector proteins, which are deposited into the plant along with the saliva during feeding. Here, we review the current literature on whitefly effectors in light of what is known about the effectors of phloem-feeding insects in general. Further analysis of these effectors may improve our understanding of how these insects establish compatible interactions with plants, whereas the subsequent identification of plant defense processes could lead to improved crop resistance to insects. We focus on the core concepts that define the effectors of phloem-feeding insects, such as the criteria used to identify candidate effectors in sequence-mining pipelines and screens used to analyze the potential roles of these effectors and their targets in planta. We discuss aspects of whitefly effector research that require further exploration, including where effectors localize when injected into plant tissues, whether the effectors target plant processes beyond defense pathways, and the properties of effectors in other insect excretions such as honeydew. Finally, we provide an overview of open issues and how they might be addressed.

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Section: Bemisia Tabaci Poses a Serious Threat To Cropsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Bemisia Tabaci Poses a Serious Threat To Cropsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spotlight on the Roles of Whitefly Effectors in Insect–Plant Interactions

et al. 2021

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“…The total area planted with this crop reached 2206 hectare, with a production rate of 239.8 thousand tons (almost half of the total production in Iraq, 467.6 thousand tons) in the growing season of 2018/2019 [1]. Annually, the crop is infested by many pests, but the white y Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is the most destructive insect pest infesting the crop; It causes economic losses reaching 100% in the case of severe injury [2,3]. The economic loss is due to the serious feeding on the phloem of the infested plants, as well as the transferring of the pathogenic viruses to the healthy plants [4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Silicon fertilization on two major insect pests of tomato under greenhouse conditions

Alyousuf

Hamid

Desher

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L) is an important vegetable crop in Iraq. This horticultural crop is attacked by several insect pest species. Among them, the whitefly Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and the tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) are the major threat of greenhouse tomatoes in Basrah province in south Iraq. The management of these pests is heavily based on application of chemical pesticides. Vast application of pesticides caused harmful damage to the environment, human health and may increasing the risk of pest resistance on insect populations. One of the promising strategies which are compatible with organic farming is application of silicon for enhancing plant vigor and resistance to pest damage on various agricultural crops. Due to these facts, the experiments have been carried out at Basrah University to evaluate the effects of silicon (Si) fertilization on tomato plants for reducing damage of these two major pests. Treatments comprised two type of Si applications (Soil drench treatment and foliar spraying) with four Si concentrations (0, 0.5, 1 and 2%) of AB Yellow ® silicic acid formulation. The population density of B. tabaci and T. absoluta were studied weekly during the growth season. The results clearly demonstrated that Silicon applications significantly decreased the population of immature of both whiteflies and tomato leaf miner on tomato crop in the greenhouse; Si-Foliar spraying was more effective in reducing the population density of these key pests compared to Si- soil drench application.

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“…Zararlının kullanılan insektisitlere karşı kısa sürede dayanıklılık oluşturması, mücadelesinde aralarında EPF'lerin de yer aldığı alternatif yöntemleri ön plana çıkarmaktadır. Ayrıca mikrobiyal pestisitlerin parazitoid ve predatörlerle birlikte entegre edilerek kullanılması mücadelesi zor olan bu zararlıya karşı sinerjik bir etki göstererek başarı şansını da arttırabilmektedir (Sani et al 2020).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified