A Review of the Biology and Control of the Obscure Mealybug, Pseudococcus viburni (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), with Special Reference to Biological Control Using Entomopathogenic Fungi and Nematodes

Mathulwe, Letodi Luki; Malan, Antoinette P.; Stokwe, Nomakholwa Faith

doi:10.4001/003.029.0001

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 90 publications

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“…In addition, spores of M. anisopliae, B. bassiana, V. lecanii, C. tropicum, C. lobatum, and L. giganteum induce significant mortality in larvae of the mosquito A. aegypti, A. stephensi, and C. quinquefasciatus (Darbro et al, 2011;Singh and Prakash, 2014;Bharathi et al, 2022). In the present study, M. majus exhibited distinct morphological and molecular characteristics in line with previous studies (Nishi et al, 2015;Sivakumar et al, 2020;Kwak et al, 2021;Mathulwe et al, 2021). M. majus is known to display cylindrical to ellipsoid characteristics, forming candelabrum-like arrangements that create compact conidiophores in a hymenial layer.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…M. majus is known to display cylindrical to ellipsoid characteristics, forming candelabrum-like arrangements that create compact conidiophores in a hymenial layer. Mature conidia colonies, which are dark green in color, form chains of equal length within clusters (Mathulwe et al, 2021). Furthermore, bag-formulated M. majus conidia induced significant larvicidal activity against third instar larvae of S. frugiperda, with 100% mortality achieved within 9 days.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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First report on the enzymatic and immune response of Metarhizium majus bag formulated conidia against Spodoptera frugiperda: An ecofriendly microbial insecticide

Vivekanandhan

Kannan²,

Alford³

et al. 2023

Front. Microbiol.

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Entomopathogenic fungi from microbial sources are a powerful tool for combating insecticide resistance in insect pests. The purpose of the current study was to isolate, identify, and evaluate bag-formulated entomopathogenic fungal conidial virulence against insect pests. We further investigated the enzymatic responses induced by the entomopathogenic fungi as well as the effect on a non-target species. Entomopathogenic fungi were isolated from the Palamalai Hills, India, using the insect bait method, and the Metarhizium majus (MK418990.1) entomopathogen was identified using biotechnological techniques (genomic DNA isolation and 18S rDNA amplification). Bag-formulated fungal conidial efficacy (2.5 × 103, 2.5 × 104, 2.5 × 105, 2.5 × 106, and 2.5 × 107 conidia/ml) was evaluated against third instar larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda at 3, 6, 9, and 12 days of treatment, and acid and alkaline phosphatases, catalase, and superoxide dismutase enzymatic responses were evaluated at 3 days post-treatment. After 12 days of treatment, non-target assays on the earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae were performed using an artificial soil assay. Results of the bag formulated fungal conidial treatment showed that S. frugiperda had high susceptibility rates at higher concentrations (2.5 × 107 conidia/ml) of M. majus. Lower concentration of 2.5 × 103 conidia/ml caused 68.6% mortality, while 2.5 × 107 conidia/ml caused 100% mortality at 9 days post treatment. Investigation into enzymatic responses revealed that at 3 days post M. majus conidia exposure (2.5 × 103 conidia/ml), insect enzyme levels had significantly changed, with acid and alkaline phosphatases, and catalase enzymes significantly reduced and superoxide dismutase enzymes significantly raised relative to the control. After 12 days of treatment, no sublethal effects of M. majus conidia were observed on E. eugeniae, with no observed damage to gut tissues including lumen and epithelial cells, the nucleus, setae, coelom, mitochondria, and muscles. This study offers support for the use of fungal conidia in the target-specific control of insect pests.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First report on the enzymatic and immune response of Metarhizium majus bag formulated conidia against Spodoptera frugiperda: An ecofriendly microbial insecticide

Vivekanandhan

Kannan²,

Alford³

et al. 2023

Front. Microbiol.

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“…Once harmed, it will lead to leaf yellowing, defoliation, reduced plant growth, and even the entire plant withering and dying. Indirectly, they can also damage plants as insect-vectors of plant disease, such as: grapevine leafroll-associated viruses (GLRaVs) [ 3 , 4 ] and cacao mild mosaic virus [ 5 ]. In addition, the honeydew secreted by scale insects contaminates host plants and breeds sooty mold, seriously reducing the yield and quality of fruit and affecting the greening effect of street trees and flowers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Potential Distribution of Invasive Species Pseudococcus viburni (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) under Climate Change

Wei,

Niu,

Zhang

et al. 2024

Insects

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The potential distribution range and management strategies for P. viburni are poorly understood. Based on historical distribution data and environmental factors, the present study predicted the potentially suitable areas for P. viburni spread under different climate change scenarios using MaxEnt (maximum entropy). The results showed that precipitation of the coldest quarter (Bio19), precipitation seasonality (Bio15), and mean temperature of the wettest quarter (Bio8) were the most important environmental factors determining the distribution of P. viburni. Under the current climate conditions, its potential suitable areas are southern China, the whole of Japan, North America (especially the eastern part of the United States), the southwestern part of South America, the Mediterranean coast and most of Europe, the central part of Africa, i.e., the south of the Sahara Desert, and most of the southern coast of Australia. The total area of habitats suitable for this insect pest is predicted to be increased in the future. In order to prevent P. viburni transmission and spread, there is a need to strengthen the monitoring and quarantine measures against this pest at the Southern ports.

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“…Mealybug species that feed on fruit trees negatively affect fruit production by sucking sap from the phloem, excreting large amounts of sugar and water as a sugary, carbohydrate-rich substance known as honeydew. This substance causes severe secondary damage, as it promotes the growth of sooty mold (black fungus), which decreases photosynthesis and affects the development of the host plant [ 8 ]. Fruits stained with sooty mold or suspected of containing mealybugs are rejected when exported, due to strict phytosanitary regulations; and these economic losses due to infestations by mealybugs have increased dramatically in recent years [ 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The control of these phytophagous insects in agroecosystems is difficult due to their small body size and cryptic nature [ 9 ]. Currently, the main control is based on the application of synthetic pesticides [ 6 , 8 ]. The sustained use of synthetic pesticides contributes to the crisis in agriculture that affects ecosystems, natural resources, as well as the health of rural communities and urban consumers [ 10 , 11 ], in addition to generating resistance in pests [ 12 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insecticidal Activity of Essential Oils against Mealybug Pests (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Avila

Achimón

Brito

et al. 2022

Plants

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Most mealybugs of the Pseudococcidae family are important pests of agriculture and ornamental gardens. Our aim was to perform a review and meta-analysis on 14 published scientific articles on the insecticidal activity of essential oils (EOs) against mealybug species of the Pseudococcidae family. Data on (1) species, genus, families, and plant parts from which the EO was extracted; (2) the main compounds of each EO; (3) the highest and lowest concentrations tested; and (4) the application method used for the toxicological studies was collected from each study. The metafor package (R software) was used to perform a three-level random effects meta-analysis. The families Lamiaceae, Rutaceae, Myrtaceae, Zingiberaceae and Euphorbiaceae and the genera Citrus, Cymbopogon, Syzygium, Cinnamomum and Jatropha were the most used among the studies. According to the results from the meta-analyses, 13 out of 24 genera analyzed were effective against mealybugs. All methods were effective, but fumigation and indirect contact were the most frequently used methodologies. The results obtained from the present review and meta-analysis could be used for the potential development of natural biopesticide formulations against mealybugs belonging to the Pseudococcidae family.

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A Review of the Biology and Control of the Obscure Mealybug, Pseudococcus viburni (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), with Special Reference to Biological Control Using Entomopathogenic Fungi and Nematodes

Cited by 6 publications

References 90 publications

First report on the enzymatic and immune response of Metarhizium majus bag formulated conidia against Spodoptera frugiperda: An ecofriendly microbial insecticide

First report on the enzymatic and immune response of Metarhizium majus bag formulated conidia against Spodoptera frugiperda: An ecofriendly microbial insecticide

Global Potential Distribution of Invasive Species Pseudococcus viburni (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) under Climate Change

Insecticidal Activity of Essential Oils against Mealybug Pests (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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