A review of the development of creep age forming: Experimentation, modelling and applications

Zhan, Lihua; Lin, Jianguo; Dean, Trevor

doi:10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2010.08.007

Cited by 228 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The calculated results agreed well with the experimental results. This result indicates that the constitutive equations enable the effective prediction of the microstructure evolution and flow stress of 21-4N [41].…”

Section: Constitutive Equations and Microstructural Model Of 21-4nmentioning

confidence: 77%

Predicting the Microstructure of a Valve Head during the Hot Forging of Steel 21-4N

Huang

et al. 2018

Metals

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Abstract:Valve microstructure is important during hot forging. Austenitic 21-4N steel is often used in exhaust valves. In this study, the microstructure evolution of the forging valve process was predicted using the internal state variables (i.e., average grain size, recrystallized fraction, and dislocation density) modus for 21-4N. First, 21-4N was subjected to hot compression tests on a Gleeble-1500D and static grain growth tests in a heating furnace. A set of uniform viscoplastic constitutive equations was established based on experimental data. Next, the determined unified constitutive equations were conducted in DEFORM-3D, and the microstructure evolution of 21-4N during forging was calculated. Finally, the simulation results of grain size evolution were validated via experiments. Results showed good consistency between the simulations and experiments. Thus, the models adequately predicted the microstructure evolution.

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Section: Constitutive Equations and Microstructural Model Of 21-4nmentioning

confidence: 77%

Predicting the Microstructure of a Valve Head during the Hot Forging of Steel 21-4N

Huang

et al. 2018

Metals

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“…Creep age forming is only applicable for certain alloys or tempers which have the features of age-hardening or stress relaxation. The study by Zhan et al [5] indicates that excessive autoclave time and extra process consumed for springback correction are needed. In the brake forming process, deformation is finished with the punch forces on the ribs directly and high elastic deformation in the web, according to the research by Yan et al [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electromagnetic Forming Rules of a Stiffened Panel with Grid Ribs

Tan

Zhan

Gao

et al. 2017

Metals

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Electromagnetic forming (EMF), a technology with advantages of contact-free force and high energy density, generally aims at forming parts by using a fixed coil and one-time discharge. In this study, multi-stage EMF is introduced to form a panel with stiffened grid ribs. The forming rules of the stiffened panel is revealed via analyzing the distribution and evolution of the simulated stress and strain in the ribs and web, where the grid-rib panels were decomposed as the flat panel and two panels with uni-directional ribs (ribs only in X direction or Y direction). It is shown that the forming depth is mainly attributed to the forces on the web, although electromagnetic force is applied on both the ribs and the web, especially, large force on the ribs. The ribs are subjected to uniaxial stress parallel to their directions, and the web is subjected to plane stress in the deformation region. Furthermore, the change of the uniaxial stress characteristic in the X-direction ribs is influenced by the electromagnetic force, reverse bend and inertial effect. The plastic deformation mainly occurs in the Y-direction ribs of the deformation region under a three-direction strain state.

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“…Devido as constantes necessidades da indústria aeronáutica em relação à melhoria contínua de seus produtos vem surgindo inúmeros processos de fabricação dentre os quais se destaca a Conformação sob Fluência com Envelhecimento, do inglês Creep Age Forming (CAF). Trata-se de uma rota alternativa de processamento para fabricação de painéis e asas de aeronaves [2]. Este é um processo de fabricação que vem despertando interesse na indústria aeronáutica pelo potencial de obtenção de peças curvas com geometrias complexas.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Influência Dos Parâmetros De Tratamento No Retorno Elástico Da Liga De Alumínio Aa7475 Em Condições De Conformação Sob Fluência E Envelhecimento

Araújo¹,

Silva²

2017

Anais Do Enemet - Encontro Nacional De Estudantes De Engenharia Metalúrgica, De Materiais E De Minas

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ResumoEm Conformação sob Fluência com Envelhecimento, do inglês Creep Age Forming (CAF), o material previamente solubilizado e temperado é carregado elasticamente (normalmente por flexão) e subsequentemente aquecido à temperatura de tratamento térmico de envelhecimento. Basicamente, a conformação se dá por meio de deformações provocadas simultaneamente pela tensão aplicada ao longo do tempo (fluência) e endurecimento por precipitação (envelhecimento). Sendo assim, pretende-se avaliar os efeitos dos parâmetros mencionados no retorno elástico, como tempo, temperatura, retorno elástico e propriedades mecânicas. Portanto foi avaliado, a variação do retorno elástico (springback) em função do tempo para a liga de alumínio AA7475 submetida a um carregamento de flexão durante o envelhecimento realizado em duas temperaturas diferentes (120°C e 150°C). Foi possível observar que quanto menor o tempo e a temperatura de envelhecimento, maior o retorno elástico. Portanto, quanto maior o retorno elástico da peça, mais próxima ela estará do seu formato original antes da conformação [1]. Em relação à dureza, foi observado que quando o material é submetido a uma temperatura de 120°C obtém-se um aumento significativo de dureza Vickers com o passar do tempo (atribuída a precipitação refinada) e a 150°C não ocorre esse aumento significativo dessa propriedade mecânica (atribuído a precipitação mais grosseira). Palavras-chave: Conformação; Envelhecimento; Fluência; Retorno elástico. INFLUENCE OF TREATMENT PARAMETERS IN SPRINGBACK OF ALUMINUM ALLOY AA7475 IN TERMS OF CREEP AGE FORMING AbstractIn Creep Age Forming (CAF), the material, previously solubilized and seasoned, is loaded elastically (usually by flexion) and subsequently it is heated to temperature of heat treatment. Basically, the conformation happens to deformations caused by tension that are applied simultaneously over time (creep) and by precipitation hardening (aging). Thus, we intend to evaluate the effects of the parameters mentioned in springback, as time, temperature, springback and mechanical properties. Therefore was evaluated, the variation of springback versus time for the aluminum alloy AA7475 subjected to a load bending achieved during aging at two different temperatures (120 °C and 150 ° C). It was possible to see that the smaller time and aging temperature, the bigger the springback. Therefore, the greater the elastic return of the part, the closer it will be to its original shape before the conformation [1]. Regarding the hardness, it was observed that when the material is subjected to a temperature of 120°C, it gains a significant increase of Vickers hardness with over time (assigned to fine precipitation) and with 150°C, it doesn't occur a significant increase this mechanical property (assigned the grossest precipitation).

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A review of the development of creep age forming: Experimentation, modelling and applications

Cited by 228 publications

References 36 publications

Predicting the Microstructure of a Valve Head during the Hot Forging of Steel 21-4N

Predicting the Microstructure of a Valve Head during the Hot Forging of Steel 21-4N

Electromagnetic Forming Rules of a Stiffened Panel with Grid Ribs

Influência Dos Parâmetros De Tratamento No Retorno Elástico Da Liga De Alumínio Aa7475 Em Condições De Conformação Sob Fluência E Envelhecimento

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