A review of the distribution, sources, genesis, and environmental concerns of salinity in groundwater

Hydrogeochemical Features and Genesis of Confined Groundwater and Health Perspectives for Sustainable Development in Urban Hengshui, North China Plain

“…Overall, groundwaters in the confined aquifers were predominantly of the Cl-Na type, with a few of the Mixed Cl-Mg•Ca type (2.2%) and Cl-Ca type (2.2%) (Figure 5). Generally, the relatively salty hydrochemical faces of groundwater like Cl-Na type are potentially formed by the natural hydrochemical evolution, or external salinity contamination input like seawater intrusion and anthropogenic pollutants input [9,23]. Given the far away location from sea and poor water alternative ability in vertical, natural hydrochemical evolution was highly possible responsible for the salty Cl-Na type of confined groundwater in the study area.…”

“…Generally, the natural groundwater chemistry is determined by the hydrochemical components of recharge water, lithology of aquifers along the groundwater flow path, residence time, groundwater hydrodynamic, and evaporation [17][18][19][20][21]. ese factors are fundamental for the natural formation and evolution of groundwater chemical components [22][23][24][25], while anthropogenic factors from all aspects of human society including domestic, agricultural, and industrial activities can dramatically modify the composition of groundwater chemistry through direct pollutants input or indirect change of the hydrogeochemical conditions of natural mechanisms [26][27][28][29][30][31]. e driving forces from the human community to the evolution of groundwater chemistry have more significant influences on the phreatic aquifers rather than the confined aquifers due to the protection of aquitards.…”

“…e driving forces from the human community to the evolution of groundwater chemistry have more significant influences on the phreatic aquifers rather than the confined aquifers due to the protection of aquitards. In addition, evaporation usually has great effects on the salinity of phreatic groundwater, which would not occur in the confined aquifers [23,[32][33][34]. us, phreatic groundwater is found with poorer hydrochemical quality than confined groundwater [16,[35][36][37][38][39].…”

The Issue of Groundwater Salinization in Coastal Areas of the Mediterranean Region: A Review

“…The increasing demand of freshwater, already registered and expect to increase due to CC and the consequent land use changes, has intensified the research on GW salinization, as GW has gained increasing attention as a source of water supply owing to its relatively low vulnerability to pollution in comparison to SW, and its large storage capacity [12]. Even though some comprehensive reviews focusing on the definition, recognition, and monitoring strategies of seawater intrusion (SWI) were already available at the end of the 1990s [13,14], it is above all in the last decade that research on this topic has made enormous strides by deepening not only the understanding of the mechanisms that govern salinization processes [15][16][17][18] but also investigating the effects of salinization of water resources on the surrounding environment [19,20] and recognizing its interaction with human activities [21], thus defining possible adaptive measures and solutions to deal with the actual issues and to face future scenarios [22,23]. In particular, these last studies have emphasized that in the absence of a sustainable water resources management, uncontrolled land-use activities and over exploitation can lead to a relevant and long-lasting deterioration of coastal water resources and ecosystems.…”

Hydrochemistry and Entropy-Based Groundwater Quality Assessment in the Suining Area, Southwestern China

“…Understanding groundwater chemistry is the critical fundament for mechanism analysis and quality evolution [12][13][14]. For numerous hydrochemical data, a statistical approach is used to analyse the general scope, which is shown in the Box-Whisker diagram [15].…”