A review of the effects of emerging contaminants in wastewater and options for their removal

Bolong, Nurmin; Ismail, Ahmad Fauzi; Salim, Mohd Razman; Matsuura, Takeshi

doi:10.1016/j.desal.2008.03.020

Cited by 1,134 publications

(489 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…Removal may be up to 90% for refractory compounds (Schäfer et al, 2002). Its effectiveness is greatly reduced by the presence of natural organic matter which competes for binding sites, or particulates which block the pore spaces (Bolong et al, 2009;Snyder et al, 2007). PAC is more efficient since it is fed as a new product and is not recycled through the treatment process whereas GAC can have a greater absorption capacity, particularly if steam treated, but needs regular replacement (Snyder et al, 2007).…”

Section: Drinking Water Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of risk from potential emerging contaminants in UK groundwater

Stuart

Lapworth

Crane

et al. 2012

Science of The Total Environment

673

284

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This paper provides a review of the types of emerging organic groundwater contaminants (EGCs) which are beginning to be found in the UK. EGCs are compounds being found in groundwater that were previously not detectable or known to be significant and can come from agricultural, urban and rural point sources. EGCs include nanomaterials, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, industrial compounds, personal care products, fragrances, water treatment by-products, flame retardants and surfactants, as well as caffeine and nicotine. Many are relatively small polar molecules which may not be effectively removed by drinking water treatment. Data from the UK Environment Agency's groundwater screening programme for organic pollutants found within the 30 most frequently detected compounds a number of EGCs such as pesticide metabolites, caffeine and DEET. Specific determinands frequently detected include pesticides metabolites, pharmaceuticals including carbamazepine and triclosan, nicotine, food additives and alkyl phosphates. This paper discusses the routes by which these compounds enter groundwater, their toxicity and potential risks to drinking water and the environment. It identifies challenges that need to be met to minimise risk to drinking water and ecosystems.

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Section: Drinking Water Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of risk from potential emerging contaminants in UK groundwater

Stuart

Lapworth

Crane

et al. 2012

Science of The Total Environment

673

284

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“…It is clear from the studies that have identified these compounds in wastewater effluents and surface waters at the nanogram and in some cases, microgram per liter level, that they and many of their main human metabolites, are ubiquitous in the environment (Baker and Kasprzyk-Hordern, 2011;Bartelt-Hunt et al, 2009;Bijlsma et al, 2012Bijlsma et al, , 2013Castiglioni et al, 2006a;Gheorghe et al, 2008;González-Mariño et al, 2011;Hummel et al, 2006;Jones-Lepp et al, 2004;Kasprzyk-Hordern et al, 2009;Metcalfe et al, 2010;Pedrouzo et al, 2011a;Postigo et al, 2011;Zuccato et al, 2005). In fact, these compounds, like many other contaminants of emerging concern have been shown to be resistant to physicochemical and biological treatment at WWTPs and are therefore continuously introduced into the aquatic environment (Boleda et al, 2009;Bolong et al, 2009;Chiaia et al, 2008;Huerta-Fontela et al, 2008;Pal et al, 2013;Postigo et al, 2010;Valcárcel et al, 2012;Yargeau et al, 2013;Zuccato et al, 2008). These compounds have also been detected in surface waters in many countries (Boleda et al, 2011;Gonzalez-Marino et al, 2010;Martínez Bueno et al, 2011;Terzic et al, 2010;Valcárcel et al, 2012) and since illicit drugs have psychoactive properties, their presence in the aquatic environment raises concern (Huerta-Fontela et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, the potential for adverse effects exists due to the presence of these and other compounds as complex mixtures in the environment and multi-generational exposure of aquatic organisms (Kantiani et al, 2010). There also exists a potential for negative effects on humans since surface waters are often used as raw sources of drinking water as well as concerns in water reuse since these compounds can accumulate if they are not properly removed (Bolong et al, 2009;Halling-Sørensen et al, 1998). The above knowledge on the presence and potential impact of contaminants of emerging concern demonstrates the need to upgrade wastewater treatment plants and improve wastewater treatment technologies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ozonation of wastewater: Removal and transformation products of drugs of abuse

Rodayan

Segura

Yargeau

2014

Science of The Total Environment

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• The ozonation of six drugs of abuse and one human drug metabolite was carried out.• Drug removals vary between 3 and 50% for the ozone doses tested.• The main transformation products of the drugs of abuse were identified.• The most plausible structure of a transformation product of MDMA was elucidated. a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f o In this study amphetamine, methamphetamine, methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), cocaine (COC), benzoylecgonine (BE), ketamine (KET) and oxycodone (OXY) in wastewater at concentrations of 100 μgL −1 were subjected to ozone to determine their removals as a function of ozone dose and to identify significant oxidation transformation products (OTPs) produced as a result of ozonation. A method based on high resolution mass spectrometry and differential analysis was used to facilitate and accelerate the identification and structural elucidation of the transformation products. The drug removal ranged from 3 to 50% depending on the complexity of the matrix and whether a mixture or individual drugs were ozonated. Both transient and persistent oxidation transformation products were identified for MDMA, COC and OXY and their chemical formulae were determined. Three possible structures of the persistent transformation product of MDMA (OTP-213) with chemical formula C 10 H 16 O 4 N, were determined based on MS n mass spectra and the most plausible structure (OTP-213a) was determined based on the chemistry of ozone. These results indicate that ozone is capable of removing drugs of abuse from wastewater to varying extents and that persistent transformation products are produced as a result of treatment.

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“…Although it is realistic to achieve the drinking water target, the progression towards the sanitation and child health targets is not happening fast enough (UN, 2010;WHO-UNICEF, 2010). Another risk when considering recovery is the short-cycling of bio-active trace organic compounds such as pharmaceuticals, personal care products and pesticides, which can be dealt with in an advanced treatment step (Bolong et al, 2009). Also the re-entry of heavy metals in the environment, food production or city has to be avoided.…”

Section: Safety First: No Short-cycling Of Faecal Pathogens Heavy Mementioning

confidence: 99%

ZeroWasteWater: short-cycling of wastewater resources for sustainable cities of the future

Verstraete

Vlaeminck

2011

International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ec

204

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Actual sewage treatment relies on conventional activated sludge (CAS), which reaches sufficiently low carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus effluent levels, but is not cost-effective, hardly achieves recovery, requires electricity equivalent to a fossil fuel consumption of 85 kWh per inhabitant equivalent (IE) per year and has an operational CO 2 footprint of 80 kg CO 2 IE −1 year −1 . Projected water and phosphorus shortages and the need to lower greenhouse gas emissions force us to rethink wastewater treatment for sustainable cities of the future. ZeroWasteWater offers an approach to short-cycle water, energy and valuable materials while adequately abating pathogens, heavy metals and trace organics. A less diluted waste stream will be obtained from sewerage improvements, a more rational use of potable water and the addition of ground kitchen waste, complemented by an advanced physicochemical or/and biological concentration step at the entry of the sewage treatment plant. Anaerobic digestion will recover electricity from the concentrated stream and further treatment will render a value of 6.2 EUR IE −1 year −1 under the form of the nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus, and the carbon-sequestrating biochar. In the water stream, residual nitrogen will be removed through partial nitritation and anammox, followed by heat recovery and add-on membrane technologies yielding potable water (> 65 m 3 IE −1 year −1 ). Overall, compared to a CAS system without sludge digestion, the recovery of energy and nutrient in ZeroWasteWater avoids a fossil fuel use of 439 kWh IE −1 year −1 and an operational emission of 88 kg CO 2 IE −1 year −1. Interestingly, such approach is expected to be economically viable. The key challenges remain to incorporate water chain management in holistic urban planning and to render a cradle to cradle approach which society will find acceptable.

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A review of the effects of emerging contaminants in wastewater and options for their removal

Cited by 1,134 publications

References 68 publications

Review of risk from potential emerging contaminants in UK groundwater

Review of risk from potential emerging contaminants in UK groundwater

Ozonation of wastewater: Removal and transformation products of drugs of abuse

ZeroWasteWater: short-cycling of wastewater resources for sustainable cities of the future

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