A Review of the Engineering Properties of Metakaolin Based Concrete: Towards Combatting Chloride Attack in Coastal/Marine Structures

Abstract

Changing human lifestyle and increasing urbanisation are contributory factors to the high demand for concrete construction materials across the globe. With the imminent developments in the unpopulated marine/coastal zones, higher installation of concrete facilities is still expected. However, poor design and construction procedures coupled with inadequate materials selection and exposure to aggressive environmental conditions, such as chloride laden environments, often result in the reduced aesthetic and structural performance of concrete. Deterioration of reinforced concrete structures located in a coastal/marine setting can influence the safety, economic, and sustainability aspects of society. Hence, there is an increased need for alternate binder systems with the ability to reduce the effects of chloride attack in concrete. This paper presents a critical review of the engineering properties of metakaolin (MK) based concrete exposed to chloride attack. The key advantages and limitations of using MK for concrete production purposes were outlined and evaluated. Areas for future research were also highlighted in this paper. Based on the favourable 28-day compressive strength (73–84 MPa) and durability performance documented across the numerous past year studies that were reviewed, it can be concluded that MK is a viable alternate binder material for combatting chloride attack in coastal/marine concrete structures. This, in conjunction with its lack of chemical CO2 emissions, proves that MK can be used to improve the serviceability and sustainability states of marine structures. The viewpoint of this review will guide concrete constructors and researchers on a possible framework for the utilisation of metakaolin for enhancing durability concrete in aggressive environments.

Green Concrete: An Eco-Friendly Alternative to the OPC Concrete

“…Increased [46,47] Improved [63] Setting time increased [63,64] Reduced [60,61] Silica Fume Increased at lower replacement but decreased at higher replacement [50] Improved when lesser percentage is added [59] Prolonged the setting time [66] Reduced [59] GGBFS Increased [52,53] Decreased [58] Setting time delayed [56] Higher content of GGBFS increased the segregation and bleeding [58] journal.ump.edu.my/construction ◄ Decreased with the increment of metakaolin in concrete [67] Workability of concrete reduced [64,65] Setting time reduced [64,67] Reduced [67] Agriculture waste (Rice husk ash, sawdust ash etc) Decreased [48,54] Workability Reduced [54] Increased [69] Reduced [69] Domestic waste (glass, plastic)…”

Modification of Kaolin with Carbon Quantum Dots as Composite for Methylene Blue Removal: Literature Review and Experiment

“…Previous studies have shown that increased SiO2 contents are expected when kaolin transforms into MK through heat treatment. The SiO2 contents can vary from 50 to 60%, sometimes reaching 74.3% (Fadzil et al, 2017;Pillay et al, 2020;Rashad, 2013;Sullivan et al, 2018). The remainder consists of kaolinite and a small amount of muscovite.…”

Agro-industrial-based wastes as supplementary cementitious or alkali-activated binder material: a comprehensive review

“…1 a Fly ash; b silica fume; c GGBS; d rice husk ash; e bagasse ash; and f coconutbased waste ash [5][6][7] agricultural and food wastes as shown in Fig. 3b [17][18][19][20][21]. Various studies have been and are being conducted on the utilization of industrial wastes in concrete production.…”