A review of the experience of childhood hepatitis A vaccination in Saudi Arabia and Turkey: implications for hepatitis A control and prevention in the Middle East and North African region

Badur, Selim; Öztürk, Serdar; Özakay, Alev; Khalaf, Mansour; Saha, Debasish; Damme, Pierre Van

doi:10.1080/21645515.2021.1920871

Cited by 9 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Despite that, the mean viral load of HAV in November was one of the highest found in the study. Previous studies showed that since the vaccination program started in 2008, the seasonality of HAV has begun to shift from detecting most of the hepatitis A cases in summer to being able to detect hepatitis A cases in autumn [33]. Our data corroborates this seasonality shift since the highest viral loads are detected not only in November but also in the second half of the summer months (August and September).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…For this reason, water is a rare and precious commodity. The scarcity of this resource has increased due to the explosive demographic increase in the area, moving from 150,000 inhabitants to about 6.5 million in sixty years [33]. In addition, the government is covering the big demand for water for agriculture by using two conventional sources and a non-conventional one.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dynamic and Seasonal Distribution of Enteric Viruses in Surface and Well Water in Riyadh (Saudi Arabia)

Abid,

Blanco,

Al-Otaibi

et al. 2023

Pathogens

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Enteric viruses are the major cause of gastroenteritis and enteric hepatitis worldwide, but in some areas like Saudi Arabia, little is known about their presence in water sources. The available information from clinical samples is not enough to figure out their actual prevalence. The aim of this study was to gather information for the first time in Saudi Arabia on the presence of the Norovirus (NoV) genogroup GI and GII, hepatitis A virus (HAV), and hepatitis E virus (HEV) in water. For this purpose, thirteen monthly samples were collected from Lake Wadi Hanifa and surrounding wells from December 2014 to November 2015. Viruses were detected and quantified using real-time RT-qPCR. Despite HEV findings being anecdotic, our results highlight interesting behaviors of the other viruses. There was a higher prevalence of noroviruses in Wadi Hanifa samples than in well water samples (46.43% vs. 12.5% of NoV GI; 66.67% vs. 8.33% of NoV GII). On the contrary, similar levels of HAV positivity were observed (40.48% in surface water vs. 43.06% in well water). Also, a strong influence of flooding events on HAV and NoV GI occurrence was observed in both surface and well water samples, with NoV GII apparently not affected.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic and Seasonal Distribution of Enteric Viruses in Surface and Well Water in Riyadh (Saudi Arabia)

Abid,

Blanco,

Al-Otaibi

et al. 2023

Pathogens

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“…Collectively, our and other studies suggest that the proportion of HBV as a causative agent for hepatitis diseases has been increasing at the expense of HAV during the last two decades. This suggestion can be attributed to the fact that KSA implemented childhood hepatitis A vaccination in its universal mass vaccination program in 2008, which subsequently reduced the infection by HAV (Badur et al, 2021).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Surprisingly, Al-Jouf (which is among the lowest incidence regions for hepatitis diseases in general) recorded the highest incidence of hepatitis A in 2019. This is unlikely due to crowding or lack of immunization programs as Al-Jouf is among the lowest population density regions and involved in the universal mass vaccination program (Memish et al, 2010;Badur et al, 2021). It is more likely that Al-Jouf had a high incidence rate of HAV due to socioeconomic, geographical, and environmental factors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatiotemporal distribution and burden of hepatitis diseases in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A nationwide analysis

Alzain,

Zrieq,

Ali

et al. 2024

Int. j. adv. appl. sci.

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Hepatitis infection poses a significant challenge to global health. Saudi Arabia is also at risk from this illness, but as of now, there hasn't been a comprehensive countrywide study to examine how widespread and serious this disease is within the nation. This study aimed to look into how hepatitis disease is distributed over time and space within Saudi Arabia and to understand its impact. We used data from the Saudi Arabian Ministry of Health to conduct descriptive analyses. Our time-based analysis from 2014 to 2019 showed a rise in the number of hepatitis cases. In 2019, our place-based analysis found that the rate of hepatitis infections differed across various areas, with the Jazan region experiencing the highest rates. Hepatitis B was identified as the most frequent type, making up 68% of all hepatitis infections, followed by hepatitis C (27%) and hepatitis A (5%). Among the regions, Al-Jouf had the highest rate of hepatitis A infections. Jazan saw the highest rate of hepatitis B, and Mecca had the highest rate for hepatitis C. Our study of different population groups found that men, Saudi nationals, and individuals older than 45 years had higher rates of hepatitis compared to others. These results offer important insights for public health authorities and medical professionals to create effective prevention and treatment strategies that are specifically designed for those most at risk and areas that are most affected.

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“…This may be because our hospital is a referral tertiary center for organ transplant, cancer and metabolic cases. In addition to sanitation and high socioeconomic standards, the universal childhood HBV and HAV vaccination programs had a significant positive impact among Saudi children [29,30].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pediatric acute liver failure in Saudi Arabia: prognostic indicators, outcomes and the role of genetic testing

Alhadab¹,

AlShihabi²,

Mohamed³

et al. 2022

European Journal of Gastroenterology &Amp; Hepatology

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Objective The objective of this study was to determine the etiologies, outcomes, prognostic indicators and the role of genetic testing in children with acute liver failure (ALF). Methods This retrospective study included 46 patients with pediatric acute liver failure (PALF) according to the PALF study group definition, admitted to King Fahad Specialist Hospital-Dammam, Saudi Arabia, between January 2014 and December 2021. Patients who survived with supportive therapy were designated as the recovery group, whereas those who died or underwent liver transplantation were designated as the death/transplant group. Results There were 26 (56.5%) patients in the recovery group and 20 (43.5%) patients in the death/transplant group. Four patients (8.7%) underwent liver transplantation. After indeterminate causes (45.6%), genetic-metabolic diseases and drug-induced liver injury (DILI) were the most common cause with 15.2 and 13%, respectively. Genetic testing had a high yield of (6/31) in identifying monogenic disease associated with ALF. Younger age, lower Glasgow Coma Scale and higher international normalized ratio (INR) on admission were predictors for poor prognosis. The death/transplant group had longer intensive care unit stay (P < 0.001), and on admission they had more advanced hepatic encephalopathy (P < 0.005), more prolonged prothrombin time (P < 0.001), higher lactate (P < 0.006), higher total and direct bilirubin (P < 0.008) and (P < 0.001), respectively. Conclusion Genetic, metabolic and DILI causes constituted the most common cause of PALF after indeterminate causes. The use of genetic testing can improve diagnostic rates in special cases, but we could not assess the effect of genetic testing on prognosis. The overall survival rate in our study was 65.2%. Younger age, higher admission INR and lower Glasgow coma scale were indicators of poor prognosis.

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A review of the experience of childhood hepatitis A vaccination in Saudi Arabia and Turkey: implications for hepatitis A control and prevention in the Middle East and North African region

Cited by 9 publications

References 57 publications

Dynamic and Seasonal Distribution of Enteric Viruses in Surface and Well Water in Riyadh (Saudi Arabia)

Dynamic and Seasonal Distribution of Enteric Viruses in Surface and Well Water in Riyadh (Saudi Arabia)

Spatiotemporal distribution and burden of hepatitis diseases in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A nationwide analysis

Pediatric acute liver failure in Saudi Arabia: prognostic indicators, outcomes and the role of genetic testing

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