A Review of the Flammability Factors of Kenaf and Allied Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites

Lee, Ching Hao; Salit, Mohd Sapuan; Hassan, Mohd Roshdi

doi:10.1155/2014/514036

Cited by 44 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…The kenaf plant can grow to about 1.5 m in 120 days and its stem is made of bark and core fibers. The plant's core resembles wood and makes up 60-70% of the stem's dry weight; bark fibers contribute to the remaining 30-40%, and have a dense structure [9]. Several studies have reported the use of kenaf core fibers (KCF) as reinforcements in composite panels [10,11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Lignin Modification on Properties of Kenaf Core Fiber Reinforced Poly(Butylene Succinate) Biocomposites

et al. 2019

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In this study, the effects of lignin modification on the properties of kenaf core fiber reinforced poly(butylene succinate) biocomposites were examined. A weight percent gain (WPG) value of 30.21% was recorded after the lignin were modified with maleic anhydride. Lower mechanical properties were observed for lignin composites because of incompatible bonding between the hydrophobic matrix and the hydrophilic lignin. Modified lignin (ML) was found to have a better interfacial bonding, since maleic anhydrides remove most of the hydrophilic hydrogen bonding (this was proven by a Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer—a reduction of broadband near 3400 cm−1, corresponding to the –OH stretching vibration of hydroxyl groups for the ML samples). On the other hand, ML was found to have a slightly lower glass transition temperature, Tg, since reactions with maleic anhydride destroy most of the intra- and inter-molecular hydrogen bonds, resulting in a softer structure at elevated temperatures. The addition of kraft lignin was found to increase the thermal stability of the PBS polymer composites, while modified kraft lignin showed higher thermal stability than pure kraft lignin and possessed delayed onset thermal degradation temperature.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Lignin Modification on Properties of Kenaf Core Fiber Reinforced Poly(Butylene Succinate) Biocomposites

et al. 2019

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“…It was created for the greener, safer and better performance of the biopolymer. A lower manufacturing energy is required to produce FLO since it can be processed at about 160 °C, while most of the matrices require a temperature higher than 180 °C (Shukor et al 2014 ; Ersoy and Taşdemir 2012 ; Liang et al 2011 ; Libolon 2015 ; Lee et al 2014 ). Besides this, it ensures a lower chance of fibre thermal degradation, especially for a low thermal stability natural fibre.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Melt volume flow rate and melt flow rate of kenaf fibre reinforced Floreon/magnesium hydroxide biocomposites

et al. 2016

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A study of the melt volume flow rate (MVR) and the melt flow rate (MFR) of kenaf fibre (KF) reinforced Floreon (FLO) and magnesium hydroxide (MH) biocomposites under different temperatures (160–180 °C) and weight loadings (2.16, 5, 10 kg) is presented in this paper. FLO has the lowest values of MFR and MVR. The increment of the melt flow properties (MVR and MFR) has been found for KF or MH insertion due to the hydrolytic degradation of the polylactic acid in FLO. Deterioration of the entanglement density at high temperature, shear thinning and wall slip velocity were the possible causes for the higher melt flow properties. Increasing the KF loadings caused the higher melt flow properties while the higher MH contents created stronger bonding for higher macromolecular chain flow resistance, hence lower melt flow properties were recorded. However, the complicated melt flow behaviour of the KF reinforced FLO/MH biocomposites was found in this study. The high probability of KF–KF and KF–MH collisions was expected and there were more collisions for higher fibre and filler loading causing lower melt flow properties.

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“…Studies indicate that some conventional products (such as natural fiber reinforced polymer composite) do not adequately fulfill safety and fire resistance requirements (Lee et al 2014), especially in the aerospace, automotive, electronics, building-construction, and biotechnology industries. Hence, the awareness about these materials performance and their response during fire allows the incorporation of fire retardant materials in polymeric materials for development of products for different applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and Characterization of Fire Retardant Nano-Filler from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Fibers

Saba¹,

Paridah²,

Abdan³

et al. 2015

BioResources

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The possibilities of utilizing an abundantly available agricultural waste, oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fibers, for the development of nano-filler was investigated. The aim was to develop fire retardant nano-fillers from OPEFB fiber through grinding, chemical treatment (bromine water and SnCl2), and cryogenic crushing, followed by a high energy ball milling process. The structural, morphological, and thermal properties of nanofillers were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The analysis revealed that the particle size distribution was reduced from micro to nano size in the range of around 14 to 100 nm. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations revealed that the nanoparticles of OPEFB had irregular shapes. The elemental composition of the OPEFB were investigated by elemental dispersive Xray analysis (EDX), showing the presence of tin, carbon, oxygen, chlorine, and bromine elements both before and after ball milling. Further, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) indicated that the developed nanofillers exhibited enhanced thermal properties compared to the untreated fibers. Such results suggest that the developed nano-filler can be used for the fabrication of nanocomposites with improved fire retardancy.

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A Review of the Flammability Factors of Kenaf and Allied Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites

Cited by 44 publications

References 39 publications

Effect of Lignin Modification on Properties of Kenaf Core Fiber Reinforced Poly(Butylene Succinate) Biocomposites

Effect of Lignin Modification on Properties of Kenaf Core Fiber Reinforced Poly(Butylene Succinate) Biocomposites

Melt volume flow rate and melt flow rate of kenaf fibre reinforced Floreon/magnesium hydroxide biocomposites

Preparation and Characterization of Fire Retardant Nano-Filler from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Fibers

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