A review of the microwave-assisted synthesis of carbon nanomaterials, metal oxides/hydroxides and their composites for energy storage applications

Devi, Nitika; Sahoo, Sumanta; Kumar, Rajesh; Singh, Rajesh Kumar

doi:10.1039/d1nr01134k

Cited by 122 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 319 publications

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“…Microwaves are nonionizing electromagnetic radiation exhibiting wavelengths between those of radio and infrared waves and frequencies ranging from 0.3 to 300 MHz. Microwaves convert electromagnetic energy into thermal energy [ 107 ]. An electromagnetic field heats material through molecular interactions, and microwaves penetrate the material to provide energy, which entails dielectric heating through a dipole rotation and resonance energy absorption.…”

Section: Microwave-assisted Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical Aspects of Various Techniques for Synthesizing Metal Oxides and Fabricating Their Composite-Based Supercapacitor Electrodes: A Review

et al. 2022

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Supercapacitors (SCs) have attracted attention as an important energy source for various applications owing to their high power outputs and outstanding energy densities. The electrochemical performance of an SC device is predominantly determined by electrode materials, and thus, the selection and synthesis of the materials are crucial. Metal oxides (MOs) and their composites are the most widely used pseudocapacitive SC electrode materials. The basic requirements for fabricating high-performance SC electrodes include synthesizing and/or chemically modifying unique conducting nanostructures, optimizing a heterostructure morphology, and generating large-surface-area electroactive sites, all of which predominantly rely on various techniques used for synthesizing MO materials and fabricating MO- and MO-composite-based SC electrodes. Therefore, an SC’s background and critical aspects, the challenges associated with the predominant synthesis techniques (including hydrothermal and microwave-assisted syntheses and chemical-bath and atomic-layer depositions), and resulting electrode electrochemical performances should be summarized in a convenient, accessible report to accelerate the development of materials for industrial SC applications. Therefore, we reviewed the most pertinent studies on these synthesis techniques to provide insight into the most recent advances in synthesizing MOs and fabricating their composite-based SC electrodes as well as to propose research directions for developing MO-based electrodes for applications to next-generation SCs.

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Section: Microwave-assisted Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical Aspects of Various Techniques for Synthesizing Metal Oxides and Fabricating Their Composite-Based Supercapacitor Electrodes: A Review

et al. 2022

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“…Microwave is a cleaner and greener energy resource to drive the chemical reactions, and it has advantages in terms of extraordinary efficiency and high yield. The applications of microwave in chemical reactions are very wide, such as organic synthesis, − biomass treatment, − and nanomaterials. − Most accelerating chemical reactions under the microwave irradiation can be explained by the microwave thermal effect. , Numerous experimental studies determine that not only the microwave thermal effect but also the microwave nonthermal effect play a decisive role in enhancing chemical reactions. − Tiwari et al demonstrated the simultaneous activation of CH 4 and N 2 in a microwave catalytic reaction to produce NH 3 and C 2 products and found that the elementary reaction steps leading to NH 3 synthesis occurs due to the nonthermal effects of microwave irradiation. Silva et al verified that the combination of thermal and nonthermal effects during the microwave-assisted hydrothermal treatment provides ideal conditions for an efficient and rapid synthesis of pristine SrTiO 3 mesocrystals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Spatial Orientation and Kinetic Energy of Reactive Site Collision between Benzyl Chloride and Piperidine: Novel Insight into the Microwave Nonthermal Effect

et al. 2022

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Microwave nonthermal effect in chemical reactions is still an uncertain problem. In this work, we have studied the spatial orientation and kinetic energy of reactive site collision between benzyl chloride and piperidine molecules in substitution reaction under microwave irradiation using the molecular dynamics simulation. Our results showed that microwave polarization can change the spatial orientation of reactive site collision. Collision probability between the Cl atom of the C–Cl group of benzyl chloride and the H atom of the N–H group of piperidine increased by up to 33.5% at an effective spatial solid angle (θ, φ) of (100∼110°, 170∼190°) under microwave irradiation. Also, collision probability between the C atom of the C–Cl group of benzyl chloride and the N atom of the N–H group of piperidine also increased by up to 25.6% at an effective spatial solid angle (θ, φ) of (85∼95°, 170∼190°). Moreover, the kinetic energy of collision under microwave irradiation was also changed, that is, for the collision between the Cl atom of the C–Cl group and the H atom of the N–H group, the fraction of high-energy collision greater than 6.39 × 10–19 J increased by 45.9 times under microwave irradiation, and for the collision between the C atom of the C–Cl group and the N atom of the N–H group, the fraction of high-energy collision greater than 6.39 × 10–19 J also increased by 29.2 times. Through simulation, the reaction rate increased by 34.4∼50.3 times under microwave irradiation, which is close to the experimental increase of 46.3 times. In the end, spatial orientation and kinetic energy of molecular collision changed by microwave polarization are summarized as the microwave postpolarization effect. This effect provides a new insight into the physical mechanism of the microwave nonthermal effect.

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“…Odisha was one of the first states in the country to establish COVID-19 hospitals with ICUs in each district. Compared to other Indian states, and the state has done reasonably well in testing its populace for COVID-19 [8]. To respond to the crisis, the government of Odisha has enlisted the help of millions of women workers in various capacities, including spreading virus awareness and addressing health needs with the help of Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHA) and Auxiliary Nurse Midwives (ANM) working with Gaon Kalyan Samitis in rural areas and Mahila Arogya Samitis in urban areas [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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2022

J. Med. Chem. Sci.

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A review of the microwave-assisted synthesis of carbon nanomaterials, metal oxides/hydroxides and their composites for energy storage applications

Abstract: Microwave-assisted synthesis of carbon nanomaterials, metal oxides/hydroxides and their composites for energy storage applications.

Cited by 122 publications

References 319 publications

Critical Aspects of Various Techniques for Synthesizing Metal Oxides and Fabricating Their Composite-Based Supercapacitor Electrodes: A Review

Critical Aspects of Various Techniques for Synthesizing Metal Oxides and Fabricating Their Composite-Based Supercapacitor Electrodes: A Review

Investigation of Spatial Orientation and Kinetic Energy of Reactive Site Collision between Benzyl Chloride and Piperidine: Novel Insight into the Microwave Nonthermal Effect

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