A Review of the Most Concerning Chemical Contaminants in Drinking Water for Human Health

Abstract

Chemical contaminants in drinking water, including arsenic, nitrate, and fluoride, pose significant health risks, particularly in low-income countries with inadequate water management infrastructure. This study aims to identify the most hazardous chemical contaminants, evaluate global drinking water quality, and assess health impacts based on a comprehensive literature review guided by the PRISMA method. The findings revealed that arsenic concentrations in Romania, Pakistan, and India exceed the WHO and USEPA safety thresholds, with maximum levels reaching 130.3 µg/L. Nitrate levels in India and Morocco were found to be as high as 844 mg/L and 270.1 mg/L, respectively, far surpassing safety standards. Fluoride contamination in Pakistan reached 30 mg/L, well above the recommended limits. These contaminants are primarily sourced from industrial effluents, agricultural runoff, and improper waste disposal. The study highlights significant regional disparities, with 67% of reports from low-income countries and 88% of contamination cases linked to groundwater sources. The results underscore the urgent need for improved monitoring, stricter regulations, and effective management strategies to mitigate health risks, particularly in vulnerable populations such as infants and children. Governments and international bodies must prioritise addressing chemical contamination to protect public health.