A Review of the Positive Electrode Additives in Lead-Acid Batteries

Abstract

Lead acid battery occupies a very important position in the global battery market for its high security and excellent cost-effective. It is widely used in various energy storage systems, such as electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, uninterruptible power supply and grid-scale energy storage system of electricity generated by renewable energy. Lead acid battery which operates under high rate partial state of charge will lead to the sulfation of negative electrode. Lead carbon battery, prepared by adding carbon material to the negative electrode of lead acid battery, inhibits the sulfation problem of the negative electrode effectively, which makes the problem of positive electrode become more prominent. As a result, more and more researchers are working on ways to improve the performance of the positive electrode, such as adding additives to positive active material. In this paper, the positive additives are divided into conductive additive, porous additive and nucleating additive from two aspects: the chemical properties of the additives and the effect on the performance of the lead-acid battery. The effect and mechanism of different additives on the structure and properties of positive electrode are discussed.

Insights into Photothermally Enhanced Photocatalytic U(VI) Extraction by a Step-Scheme Heterojunction

“…[ 57 ] The inhibition of SO 4 2- on photocatalysis may be due to the formation of Bi 2 (SO 4 ) 3 precipitation on the surface of BC-3. [ 58 ] However, for Cl − , CH 3 COO − (AcO − ), and NO 3 − , they indicate the promotion of the photocatalysis of U(VI). Cl − can capture photoholes to form Cl ∙ , which reduces the recombination rate of photogenerated electron-hole pairs and promotes the reaction.…”

Kesesuaian Aki Kendaraan Bermotor Tipe L Yang Beredar Di Pasaran Dengan Sni

“…Penelitian yang telah dilakukan untuk meningkatkan unjuk kerja life cycle aki antara lain dengan modifikasi material aktif pada elektroda positif, seperti conductive additive, porous additive, nucleating additive, dan binder additive (Hao et al, 2018). Selain itu dapat juga dilakukan juga penambahan material aktif pada pelat negatif (NAM) (Flores, Lara, García, Flores, & Videa, 2011), penambahan Discrete Carbon Nanotubes (dCNT) pada kedua elektroda aki (Sugumaran, Everill, Swogger, & Dubey, 2015) dan acid-spray treatment (Lambert et al, 2000).…”

Non-destructive analysis of Pb-acid battery positive plates, based on neutron tomography

“…PAM degradation, often addressed as PAM softening and shedding, occurs through: (i) decrease of cohesion among PbO 2 particles and between PbO 2 and the grid [9,10]; (ii) decrease of the PAM particle dimensions, resulting in weaker cohesion; (iii) increase of the relative fractions of β-and α-PbO 2 , coupled with PAM shape changes [11,12]; (iv) presence of PbSO 4 crystallites, precipitated from the solution phase after charge [13]; (v) formation of less dense, amorphous PbO(OH) 2 -Pb(OH) 4 phase domains, exhibiting proton conductivity, but electronically insulating, that strongly contribute to softening [3,14] and, finally (vi), the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), causing mechanical damage to the PAM [15]. PAM degradation is often counteracted by use of additives [16].…”