“…These include among others; physical removal of infected trees and subsequent fumigation of infected wood (e.g., with metam sodium), aerial insecticide application against the insect vector (e.g., with thiacloprid and acetamiprid); and trunk injection of nematicidal compounds against the nematodes proliferating in live pine trees ( Bi et al, 2015 ; Kong et al, 2006 ; Liu et al, 2020 ). In the recent years, there have also been attempts towards testing naturally occurring nematicidal compounds isolated from plants, and other less toxic pesticides, with efforts to limit and combat environmental impacts, including effects on non-target organisms and health-related problems associated with the use of non-selective synthetic nematicides ( Mwamula et al, 2022 ; Nunes da Silva et al, 2014 ; Park et al, 2007 ; Seo et al, 2014 ). However, among all the available and tested control approaches, aerial application of insecticides such as thiacloprid and acetamiprid, and trunk injection with synthetic pesticides such as fenitrothion, morantel tartrate, emamectin benzoate, abamectin, and abamectin + sulfoxaflor mixture have been widely used in the East Asian countries ( Bi et al, 2015 ; Jung et al, 2021 ; Kishi, 1995 ; Liu et al, 2020 ).…”