A Review of the Relationship among Self, Mind and Brain in Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study: Tree-Pattern Image of Semantic Map in Human Brain Viewed from the Ultron-Logotron Theory

Abstract

The scientific relationship among self, mind and brain is still not clearly known. Self's subjective experience of perception and cognition of words, feelings, thoughts etc. is supported by the integrity of human brain. Consequently, neuroscientists, psychologists, psychiatrists, physicists and philosophers have been investigating to find the scientific relationship between mind and brain, consciousness and quantum physics. Recent experimental evidence suggests that the neural correlate of consciousness is located in certain parts of the cortico-thalamic system. But it is not known specifically which parts of the human brain are involved in the human cognitive activity. In this study, the author proposed a tree-pattern architecture of the cerebral neural substrate in cognitive understanding of words, feelings, and thoughts on the basis of the author's hypothesis of the ultron-logotron theory to explain the neural correlate of consciousness.

Self-Controls Brain Activity by Interacting With Prefrontal Cortex: Fmri Study in Normalcy and Psychiatric Disorders

“…Remission from depression normalizes hypofunctioning in frontal, prefrontal and orbitofrontal regions while it reduces activity in paralimbic, parietal-temporal regions including amygdala, hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus. Any disruption of communication between PFC and other brain regions would represent diminished influence of PFC as prescribed in the author's recent article (Chung, 2018). There seems to be a remarkable agreement between Salerian's hypothesis and the author's hypothesis (Chung, 2018) regarding the function of the PFC in normalcy and psychiatric disorders.…”

“…Any disruption of communication between PFC and other brain regions would represent diminished influence of PFC as prescribed in the author's recent article (Chung, 2018). There seems to be a remarkable agreement between Salerian's hypothesis and the author's hypothesis (Chung, 2018) regarding the function of the PFC in normalcy and psychiatric disorders. The tree-pattern, four-dimensional depression-related ultron-complexes give rise to matching logotron-complexes in neurons of human brain, resulting in depression.…”

“…On the basis of review of findings and data reported in recent functional magnetic resonance imaging studies in the psychiatric depressive disorder, the following conclusion is proposed from the author's hypothesis of the ultron-logotron theory (ULT) and the tree-pattern image of neural correlate of consciousness (Chung, 2018):…”

“…Findings and data reported in recent fMRI study in psychiatric depression are reviewed and reexamined from the prospective of the author's hypothesis of the tree-pattern image of brain activity indicated by BOLD (bloodoxygen-level-dependent) response (Chung, 2018) and the ultron-logotron theory (ULT). Reasoning, comparison, postulation, intuition and imagination are carried out to reasonably and possibly explain results and data reported in fMRI study of the normalcy and psychiatric depressive disorders.…”

“…They reviewed the evidence for relationships between metabolic activity of cortical, subcortical and limbic brain regions in depression and the efficacy of antidepressant agents". "These influences of regions can be described by an algebraic equation, N = H/(M+R), where N represents a homeostatic level of executive function, H represents prefrontal (Brodmann areas, 9,10,11,12,46) and M represents cingulate activity and R represents limbic (amygdala) influences". They proposed a hypothesis on the basis of their findings indicated by fMRI and /or PET in the review of literature search that depressed prefrontal cortex and enhanced amygdala and hippocampus metabolism are cause of MDD, and that the remission from antidepressant treatments is the results of normalization of the above changes to restore the metabolism indicated by neuronal imaging in depression.In normal subjects, N = H/(M+R), in depression, Nd <N, and in remission, Nr = N, respectively are found in the results of their review of treatment results.…”