A review of the surface modifications of titanium alloys for biomedical applications

Abstract

Dental implants are mechanical components that are used to restore the mastication (chewing) function and/or aesthetic appeal because of tooth loss or degradation. They are affixed (screwed) into the upper or lower jaw and act as a base for single or bridge-type tooth replacements. They are mostly manufactured from titanium alloys. The surface integrity of the manufactured implant may have a significant effect on the functioning and success of the implant. A systematic review is described on the effect of engineered surface integrity on the performance of titanium dental implants as regards the implant fixation, mechanical performance, bone growth and cell response. The need for surface engineering of the implant is introduced first. This includes the mechanical, surface-integrity and biocompatibility-required properties. This is followed by introducing and discussing the dedicated surface-modification processes currently employed. These include: abrasive blasting, electrochemical processes, hybrid processes and laser modification. The mechanical and biocompatible properties of an implant are the most crucial factor for their application in biomedical use. Hence, the present review article focused on the latest improvements to dental implant design based on the mechanical and biocompatible properties. The physical contact of an implant with respect to its surface roughness is an important factor in dental implant design. The surface roughness of an implant on the macro, micro and nano scales have specific effects on the implant's contact with the surrounding tissue of the bone. In addition, the biocompitability of titanium material is very important to develop a sustainable dental implant. Looking into the importance of the above mechanical and biocompatible properties of bone implants, the authors review elaborately the development of titanium-based implants with reference to the above properties. Keywords: implants, titanium, surface roughness, systematic review, surface engineering process, hybrid process, mechanical machining, chemical treatment Zobni vsadki so mehanske komponente, ki se jih uporablja za obnovo funkcije`ve~enja in/ali iz estetskih razlogov zaradi izgube ali poslab{anja zoba. Pritrjeni (privija~eni) so v zgornjo ali v spodnjo~eljust in slu`ijo kot osnova za nadomestni zob ali za mosti~ek. Ve~inoma so izdelani iz titanovih zlitin. Integriteta povr{ine izdelanih vsadkov lahko pomembno vpliva na delovanje in uspe{nost vsadka. Opisan je sistemati~en pregled o vplivu in`enirske celovitosti povr{ine na zmogljivost titanovega dentalnega vsadka glede na pritrditev vsadka, mehanske zmogljivosti, vra{~anja kosti in odziva celic. Najprej je predstavljena potreba po obdelavi povr{ine vsadka. To vklju~uje zahtevane mehanske lastnosti, celovitost povr{ine in biokompatibilnost. Temu sledi predstavitev in razlaga trenutno uporabljanih postopkov za namensko spremembo povr{ine. To vklju~uje: abrazivno peskanje, elektrokemijske procese, hibridne procese in modifikacijo z laserjem. Mehanske in biokompatibilne la...

The Effect of Surface Modification of Ti13Zr13Nb Alloy on Adhesion of Antibiotic and Nanosilver-Loaded Bone Cement Coatings Dedicated for Application as Spacers

“…However, Ra values were lower than those found by us, but this could be attributed to the various particles size, the shape or hardness of the blasting material [40]. Overall, it is assumed that the surface roughness increases with increasing ceramic particles size [43]. The surface roughness can be divided into three levels: macro-roughness (Ra ~ 10 µm), micro-roughness (Ra ~ 1 µm), and nano-roughness (Ra < 200 nm) [44,45].…”

Evaluation of the bioactivity of surface modified polyetheretherketone (PEEK) as an implant material: An In Vitro study

“…However, implant surface characteristics (including surface topography, energy, chemistry, and roughness) also play significant role in enhancing osseointegration and BIC. [ 19 23 24 ] Studies have reported that increasing surface roughness of implants favors osteoblastic proliferation, collagen synthesis, and expression of integrin in the extracellular matrix, thereby improving the mechanisms associated with osseointegration. [ 25 ] In this regard, some studies placed localized organic and inorganic osteogenic coatings on implant surfaces in an attempt to improve implant surface activity and osseopromotive activity.…”

“…Albrektsson and Wennerberg[ 22 ] stated that the surface properties of any implant biomaterial are reported to play a crucial role in promoting enhanced in vivo biological response and is one of the key parameters influencing osseointegration according to and several other researchers. [ 19 35 36 37 ]…”

“…Results from several other studies were also in line with these findings. [ 19 23 24 25 ,, 36 ] This surface roughness can be determined by various methods like Atomic force microscopy, 3D surface profilometery, SEM analysis, Alpha two step profilometer etc., In the present study, surface roughness were assessed on representative samples of each group to obtain better insights of the unmodified and Titanium coated PEEK surfaces. Surface roughness evaluation was performed by 3D SP to obtain 3D, Nano resolution qualitative and quantitative data.…”

“…Surface coatings can improve the interaction with bony tissues and results in better osseointegration of implant materials. [ 19 ] These coatings increase the surface roughness and surface wettability thereby increasing the bioactive potential. [ 20 ] Some of the most commonly used coating materials are titanium, hydroxy apatite, and bio glass.…”