A Review of the Uses of Fluoride and Outcomes of Dental Caries Control in Singapore

Chong, Gabriel Tse Feng; Tseng, Patrick S.K.

doi:10.1016/s0377-5291(12)70011-1

Cited by 13 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…In Australia community water fluoridation is at 0.6–1.1 ppm (Australian Government, 2017). Hong Kong fluoridates its drinking water at 0.5 ppm (Department of Health, Government of Hongkong Special administrative Region, 2022) while Singapore does so at 0.5 ppm in its community water supply (Chong & Tseng, 2011). In South Korea community water fluoridation occurs at 0.8 ppm in the public water supply (Kim et al., 2017).…”

Section: Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluoride removal and its impact on oral health in Sri Lanka's dry zone: Discussion and recommendation

Thilakarathne

Schensul

Weeragoda³

et al. 2023

Environmental Quality Mgmt

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Fifty percent of the dry zone areas in Sri Lanka have fluoride levels above 1 ppm. This paper discusses the ground conditions and recommends an appropriate range of fluoride in drinking water which can support preventive practices for improving the oral health of children 8‐years old and younger. In efforts to address the Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown etiology (CKDU), water treatment to reduce contaminant level in potable water has been implemented. Such treatment would also remove fluoride and has resulted in potable water with various fluoride levels, depending on concentrations in the raw water. While it is important to reduce fluoride levels, it is important to have appropriate residual levels for prevention of dental caries. It needs, however, to be noted fluoride in excess can cause dental fluorosis. In Sri Lanka's dry zone areas increasing prevalence of dental fluorosis with decreasing prevalence of dental caries has been noted. Consumption of tea and powdered milk could increase total intake of fluoride. Fluoridated toothpaste, when used properly, may, however, result in negligible intake of fluoride. Sri Lanka's hot tropical climate which results in substantial intake of fluids reinforces the need to consider reduction in water fluoride. Consideration of local studies and international standards indicate fluoride levels should be in the range of 0.225–0.500 ppm. In the range of 0.225–0.500 ppm, the prevalence of dental fluorosis and caries was only 14% and 8%, respectively, in an endemic district. When fluoride levels are above 0.500 ppm, the issue of dental fluorosis shall need to be addressed. When levels are below 0.225 ppm, oral health care services shall need to be directed at preventing dental caries.

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Section: Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluoride removal and its impact on oral health in Sri Lanka's dry zone: Discussion and recommendation

Thilakarathne

Schensul

Weeragoda³

et al. 2023

Environmental Quality Mgmt

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“…In 1956, Singapore introduced WF as a preventive measure for tooth loss. 13 Exposure to fluoride during childhood has been widely recognized as effective in reducing dental caries. 14 Although WF is effective for all ages, 33 WF had not been introduced when PHASE study participants completed their permanent dentition, thus they lived a relatively long time without being exposed to WF.…”

Section: Possible Explanationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…12 Furthermore, the number of dentists and dental professionals per 100 000 population is higher in Japan (details shown in Table S1). With respect to the prevention of dental decay, Singapore has implemented nationwide community water fluoridation (WF) since 1956, 13,14 whereas Japan does not have a national policy for WF. Sugar intake and the prevalence of diabetes, which affects tooth loss through periodontal disease, are higher in Singapore than in Japan.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Education‐related inequalities in oral health among older adults: Comparing Singapore and Japan

Kiuchi

Aida

Cooray

et al. 2023

Comm Dent Oral Epid

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Objectives Oral health inequalities exist worldwide, and cross‐country comparisons can provide valuable insights into country‐level characteristics contributing to such inequalities. However, comparative studies in Asian countries are limited. This study examined the magnitude of education‐related oral health inequalities in older adults in Singapore and Japan. Methods Longitudinal data for older adults, aged ≥65 years, from the Panel on Health and Ageing of Singaporean Elderly (PHASE; 2009, 2011–2012, and 2015) and Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study (JAGES; 2010, 2013, and 2016) were used. Dependent variables were being edentate and having a minimal functional dentition (MFD; i.e. ≥20 teeth). The absolute and relative inequalities were calculated using the slope index of inequality (SII) and relative index of inequality (RII) for educational level [low (<6 years); middle (6–12 years); high (>12 years)] in each country. Results A total of 1032 PHASE participants and 35 717 JAGES participants were included. At baseline among PHASE participants, 35.9% were edentate and 24.4% had MFD, while among JAGES participants, 8.5% were edentate and 42.4% had MFD. The prevalence of low, middle and high educational levels for PHASE was 76.5%, 18.0% and 5.5%, and for JAGES were 0.9%, 78.1% and 19.7%, respectively. Older adults in Japan had lower education‐related inequalities for being edentate [for both SII (−0.53, 95% CI = −0.55 to −0.50) and RII (0.40, 95% CI = 0.33–0.48)] and for not having MFD for both SII (−0.24, 95% CI = −0.27 to −0.20) and RII (0.83, 95% CI = 0.79–0.87) compared to Singapore. Conclusions Education‐related inequalities for being edentate and not having MFD were higher among older adults in Singapore compared to Japan.

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“…In 1958, Singapore was the first country in Asia to carry out water fluoridation, which covers 100% of its population. It does contribute to improving the level of oral health in Singapore [22]. Some researchers assessed disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and DALY rate due to dental caries preventable through water fluoridation in Iran, and they found that in 2016 DALYs were 14,971 (95% uncertainty interval 7348-24,725) and DALY rate was 18.73 (9.19-30.93) [23].…”

Section: Water Fluoridationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Application of Fluoride in Dental Caries

Sun¹,

Luo²,

Wan³

2021

Dental Caries

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The most efficient way to prevent caries is by using fluoridated dental products. Fluoride can reduce enamel demineralization and promote enamel remineralization. In terms of prevention, the topical application of fluoride is accessible, which includes fluoride toothpaste, fluoride varnish, fluoride gel, and mouth rinse. Besides, the application of fluoride is systematical. In some countries, fluoride is added into water, salt, or milk. Fluoride is also used for the medical treatment of early dental caries. However, fluoride is a double-edged sword. Excessive fluoride intake will cause toxic reactions, and dental fluorosis is caused by a high intake of fluorides during tooth development.

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A Review of the Uses of Fluoride and Outcomes of Dental Caries Control in Singapore

Cited by 13 publications

References 3 publications

Fluoride removal and its impact on oral health in Sri Lanka's dry zone: Discussion and recommendation

Fluoride removal and its impact on oral health in Sri Lanka's dry zone: Discussion and recommendation

Education‐related inequalities in oral health among older adults: Comparing Singapore and Japan

The Application of Fluoride in Dental Caries

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