A review of thermally stable gels for fluid diversion in petroleum production

Moradi‐Araghi, A.

doi:10.1016/s0920-4105(00)00015-2

Cited by 226 publications

(114 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…For severe formation conditions, organic cross-linked HPAM gel remain viable to higher temperature, permit control of the gelation delay, and display good injectivity even when the residence time approaches the gelation time [22][23][24][25] . A typical composition is acrylamide-based polymers with phenol and formaldehyde cross-linking systems, which cross-link over a wide range of pH and is insensitive to lithology [24,26] .…”

Section: Soft Gelationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-scale rheological perspective to polymer solutions and gels in EOR

Cao

Zhang

et al. 2007

J Cent. South Univ. Technol.

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Polymer flooding for enhanced oil recovery (EOR), especially using polyacrylamide (PAM) based systems, gradually became the largest non-Newtonian fluid process of economic significance. Yet, the mechanistic understanding lags behind. In this paper, the relations of structures -rheological properties -EOR applications were reviewed and some recent laboratory studies on associated PAM and PAM soft gels were introduced. The multi scale understanding of polymer rheology was found to be an essential factor for future developments.

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Section: Soft Gelationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-scale rheological perspective to polymer solutions and gels in EOR

Cao

Zhang

et al. 2007

J Cent. South Univ. Technol.

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“…The use of & Ibnelwaleed A. Hussein ihussein@kfupm.edu.sa; ihussein@qu.edu.qa polymeric gels reduces the relative permeability of water [5,6] during oil and gas production and improves the sweep efficiency of injection wells [7,8]. Inorganic crosslinked gels [9,10] and organically cross-linked gels [11,12] are the most common systems used in oilfields. However, there is a risk that they also reduce the oil flow appreciably, together with water.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

DSC investigation of the gelation kinetics of emulsified PAM/PEI system

Mohamed

Hussein

Sultan

et al. 2015

J Therm Anal Calorim

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Water production in the oilfields has a negative impact on the production and economy. It is highly desired to shut off water paths without affecting the hydrocarbon zones. Polymer gels are frequently used for water control in oil and gas wells. However, a risk will be taken, which is blocking the oil-producing zones alongside the water zones. Hence, a selective system is proposed, which is based on emulsified polymer gel that contains a water phase which will form a gel, and an oil phase remains mobile to secure the flow of oil. The gels formed in situ by breaking up of an emulsified gel made of an oil phase and an aqueous water-soluble polymers (gelant). Breaking of the emulsion and the subsequent gelation is a function of temperature, time, salinity of mixing water, and concentration of the various components, including surfactants and salts. The gelant was prepared by mixing polyacrylamide (PAM) with a mixing brine and then adding polyethylenimine (PEI) as a cross-linker. Diesel and a surfactant were used to form the emulsified gel. In this study, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is utilized to study the emulsified gel reaction kinetics for the first time. The rate of increase in temperature and the final temperature used in DSC were chosen to approximate (mimic) the field injection conditions. The impact of parameters such as temperature, water salinity, surfactant, and retarder type on gelation is investigated to compare the kinetics of the polymeric gels and their emulsified forms. At a given emulsifier concentration, emulsified PAM/PEI has a lower rate of cross-linking (gelation) when compared to that of PAM/PEI. This is most likely due to less heat conducted to the gelant. As a result, the cross-linking density will be less. Ammonium chloride is found to be more efficient than sodium chloride in retarding the gelation process. The type of surfactant is an additional parameter which can be used to control gelation in emulsified gel systems.

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“…To extend the polymer gel application scope, some thermally stable polymer gels that composed of copolymers and organic crosslinkers have been reported in previous literatures (Moradi-Araghi et al 1993;Albonico et al 1995;Bryant et al 1997;Hardy et al 1998;Mary et al 1999;Moradi-Araghi 2000;Vasquez et al 2005;Eoff et al 2007;Banerjee et al 2008;Al-Muntasheri et al 2009;Sengupta et al 2012;Yadav and Mahto 2013). The copolymers reported in previous literatures are copolymer of acrylamide and t-butylacrylate (PAtBA), and copolymer of acrylamide and acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS) and the organic crosslinkers are phenol formaldehyde resin and polyethyleneimine (PEI).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and evaluation of organic/inorganic combined gel for conformance control in high temperature and high salinity reservoirs

Wang

Sun

et al. 2014

J Petrol Explor Prod Technol

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Polymer gels have been successfully applied to control undesired water production for many years, however, due to poor long-term thermal stability and salt tolerance, conventional polymer gels present some limitations for application in high temperature and high salinity reservoirs. In this paper, an organic/inorganic combined gel composed of polymer with low degree of hydrolysis, phenol formaldehyde resin and inorganic silicate was proposed and developed. The effects of concentration, temperature on gelation time were studied. Long-term thermal stability, salt tolerance and permeability reduction ability were investigated. Results showed that based on proper gelation time and economical cost, the formulation of the organic/inorganic combined gel was optimized. The gelation time decreased from 54.0 to 15.5 h with increasing temperature from 100 to 130°C. After aging for 60 days in simulated formation brine with high total dissolved solids (TDS: 20 % NaCl ? 2.5 % CaCl 2 ) at 130°C, compared with polymer gel, the organic/inorganic combined gel had better long-term thermal stability and salt tolerance. Sandpack flow experimental results showed that for the organic/inorganic combined gel composed of 0.3 wt% polymer, 4.0 wt% resin and 3.0 wt% inorganic silicate, after aging for 60 days at 130°C, the combined gel showed approximately 85 % permeability reduction. Therefore, these results indicate that the combined gel studied here can be a good candidate for controlling water production in high temperature and high salinity reservoirs.

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A review of thermally stable gels for fluid diversion in petroleum production

Cited by 226 publications

References 19 publications

Multi-scale rheological perspective to polymer solutions and gels in EOR

Multi-scale rheological perspective to polymer solutions and gels in EOR

DSC investigation of the gelation kinetics of emulsified PAM/PEI system

Development and evaluation of organic/inorganic combined gel for conformance control in high temperature and high salinity reservoirs

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