A review of thermochemical conversion of microalgal biomass for biofuels: chemistry and processes

Kumar, Gopalakrishnan; Shobana, Sutha; Chen, Wei‐Hsin; Bach, Quang‐Vu; Kim, Jun Seok; Atabani, A.E.; Chang, Jo Shu

doi:10.1039/c6gc01937d

Cited by 241 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 108 publications

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“…[4][5][6] Lignocellulosic biomass is comprised of three primary components -cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin -where each component has distinct characteristics and properties that allows it to be tailored to a unique purpose. 7 Furfural is a versatile chemical derived from pentosane-rich agricultural and forestry residues such as corn cobs, corn stover, saw dust, and straw.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of furfural from xylose and corn stover catalyzed by a novel porous carbon solid acid in γ-valerolactone

Zhu

et al. 2017

RSC Adv.

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A resorcinol-formaldehyde resin carbon (RFC) catalyst with a well-developed, ordered, mesoporous framework was prepared using a soft template method at room temperature. The carbon was sulfonated in water using sulfanilic acid under mild atmospheric conditions. The sulfonated RFC (S-RFC) was characterized by N 2 adsorption-desorption, elemental analysis, TEM, XPS, and FT-IR. It was determined that S-RFC is an efficient solid acid catalyst for furfural production from xylose and corn stover in gvalerolactone (GVL). The effects of reaction time, reaction temperature, catalyst loading, substrate dosage and water concentration were investigated. 80% furfural yield and 100% xylose conversion were obtained from xylose at 170 C in 15 min with 0.5 g catalyst. Comparatively, 68.6% furfural yield was achieved from corn stover at 200 C in 100 min when using 0.6 g catalyst. Since there was no discernable decrease in furfural yield after multiple conversions utilizing the same catalyst, the recyclability of the catalyst is considered good.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of furfural from xylose and corn stover catalyzed by a novel porous carbon solid acid in γ-valerolactone

Zhu

et al. 2017

RSC Adv.

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“…This is known as drop-in fuel. Drop-in fuels can serve as direct replacements or supplements for existing gasoline, diesel, and jet fuels, without any changes to the existing fuel distribution networks or engines [1][2][3]. Recent reports have indicated an intensive focus on the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of microalgae biomass [4,5], especially on continuous HTL processes [6][7][8][9][10].…”

Section: Potential and Availability Of Microalgae As Energy Sourcementioning

confidence: 99%

Continuous Hydrothermal Liquefaction for Biofuel and Biocrude Production from Microalgal Feedstock

Lababpour¹

2018

ChemBioEng Reviews

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Microalgal biomass processing by continuous hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) has recently received much interest and can be used to convert microalgal biomass to biocrude oil and drop‐in fuels. This review focuses on the conversion of microalgae biomass to energy production through continuous HTL processes. In addition, processes for upgrading feedstocks and biocrude are also discussed. The feed of the biomass slurry is treated according to size and moisture regulations. Following separation of the gaseous, liquid, and solid phases, the determination of elemental, physical, and chemical fragments, yield of energy, and other properties of the various products is carried out. Homogeneous or heterogeneous catalysts improve the biocrude yield and quality as does higher moisture content. The high percentage of N2 and O2 in the feedstock results in lower quality products. This may be resolved through pre‐processing of the biomass, controlling of HTL processes conditions, and post‐upgrading processing of the HTL products. The promising potential of microalgae biomass for biocrude and drop‐in fuels may have an important contribution to the world's renewable energy sources through HTL in the near future.

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“…In the last few years, lignocellulosic biomass has attracted strong interest due to its abundant, renewable, and easily obtainable properties . Consequently, the production of biofuels and chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass becomes an effective way to alleviate the energy crisis and improve environmental issues . Furfural (FF) can be produced from the lignocellulosic biomass through multistep acid‐catalyzed reactions, and has also been deemed as one of the most significant biomass‐derived platform molecules for the synthesis of fine chemicals and liquids fuels .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Catalytic transfer hydrogenation of furfural into furfuryl alcohol over Ni–Fe‐layered double hydroxide catalysts

Wang

et al. 2019

J Chinese Chemical Soc

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Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) and their derivatives have been reported to be widely used as heterogeneous catalysts in various reactions. Herein, Ni‐Fe LDHs with the controlled Ni/Fe molar ratios (2:1, 3:1, 4:1) were synthesized via an easy hydrothermal method, which were used to catalyze the selective reduction of biomass‐derived furfural into furfuryl alcohol using 2‐propanol as a H‐donor under autogenous pressure and characterized using FT‐IR, XRD, TGA, BET, SEM, NH3‐TPD, and CO2‐TPD. It was found that the LDH with a Ni/Fe molar ratio of 3:1 demonstrated the best catalytic activity among the LDHs with different Ni/Fe molar ratios, which showed 97.0% conversion of furfural and 90.2% yield of furfuryl alcohol at 140°C for 5 hr. This was attributable to the synergistic effect of acidic sites and basic sites of the catalyst.

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A review of thermochemical conversion of microalgal biomass for biofuels: chemistry and processes

Abstract: Renewable biomass sources are organic materials, in which solar energy is stored in bio-chemical bonds, and which commonly contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen constituents, along with traces of sulfur.

Cited by 241 publications

References 108 publications

Production of furfural from xylose and corn stover catalyzed by a novel porous carbon solid acid in γ-valerolactone

Production of furfural from xylose and corn stover catalyzed by a novel porous carbon solid acid in γ-valerolactone

Continuous Hydrothermal Liquefaction for Biofuel and Biocrude Production from Microalgal Feedstock

Catalytic transfer hydrogenation of furfural into furfuryl alcohol over Ni–Fe‐layered double hydroxide catalysts

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