A review of top-down and bottom-up synthesis methods for the production of graphene, graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide

Gutiérrez-Cruz, Adrián; Ruiz-Hernández, Ali Roberto; Vega-Clemente, José Fernando; Luna-Gazcón, Daniela Guadalupe; Campos-Delgado, Jessica

doi:10.1007/s10853-022-07514-z

Cited by 94 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 154 publications

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“…Detailed information about graphene and GO syntheses can be found elsewhere. 3,4 Combining graphene and GO in nanocomposite matrices provides additional advantages 5 that can be leveraged in, for example, biomedical 6,7 and other sensor, 8 adsorption, 9,10 and supercapacitor 11 applications. In particular, graphene and GO are excellent candidates for separation applications, including capacitive deionization, and filtration via ion sieving and/or adsorption.…”

Section: Seung Eun Leementioning

confidence: 99%

Ion and water adsorption to graphene and graphene oxide surfaces

2023

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Section: Seung Eun Leementioning

confidence: 99%

Ion and water adsorption to graphene and graphene oxide surfaces

2023

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“…Eventually, the attack will split its layers and create graphene sheets. Chemical synthesis and mechanical or chemical exfoliation, for example, are classified as top-down strategies [ 41 ]. Some of the commonly used top-down approaches for graphene synthesis are discussed below.…”

Section: Techniques For the Production Of Graphenementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The bottom-up approach, however, is described as a method that involves the use of carbonaceous gas to produce graphene. Pyrolysis, chemical vapour deposition (CVD), epitaxial growth, and other techniques utilising the bottom-up approach are illustrated below [ 41 ].…”

Section: Techniques For the Production Of Graphenementioning

confidence: 99%

Graphene and Its Derivatives: Synthesis and Application in the Electrochemical Detection of Analytes in Sweat

et al. 2022

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Wearable sensors and invasive devices have been studied extensively in recent years as the demand for real-time human healthcare applications and seamless human–machine interaction has risen exponentially. An explosion in sensor research throughout the globe has been ignited by the unique features such as thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties of graphene. This includes wearable sensors and implants, which can detect a wide range of data, including body temperature, pulse oxygenation, blood pressure, glucose, and the other analytes present in sweat. Graphene-based sensors for real-time human health monitoring are also being developed. This review is a comprehensive discussion about the properties of graphene, routes to its synthesis, derivatives of graphene, etc. Moreover, the basic features of a biosensor along with the chemistry of sweat are also discussed in detail. The review mainly focusses on the graphene and its derivative-based wearable sensors for the detection of analytes in sweat. Graphene-based sensors for health monitoring will be examined and explained in this study as an overview of the most current innovations in sensor designs, sensing processes, technological advancements, sensor system components, and potential hurdles. The future holds great opportunities for the development of efficient and advanced graphene-based sensors for the detection of analytes in sweat.

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“…2D electrolytes have received recognition as a new class of electrolytes currently represented by graphene oxide − and molybdenum disulfide, electrically charged monosheet materials possessing surface chemical groups that undergo protonation and deprotonation in their dispersed state . Like the traditional polymer-based electrolytes (polyelectrolytes), termed 1D electrolytes, the 2D electrolytes are also expected to present morphological transformations in response to environmental changes, such as temperature, ionic strength, neutralization degree, and pH. , However, the existing 2D electrolytes are limited to inorganic substances synthesized by top-down exfoliation of the bulk parent crystals resulting in rigid and fragile nanosheets, − possibly undermining the effective range of morphological changes . Although the top-down exfoliation is a promising approach for the mass production of 2D monosheets, a demand for the development of a powerful bottom-up route for 2D electrolyte synthesis has arisen to achieve both higher scalability and designability of chemical structures than currently possible for prevalent polyelectrolytes such as poly(acrylic acids) and poly(methacrylic acids) (PMAA).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication of Polyelectrolyte Sheets of Unimolecular Thickness via MOF-Templated Polymerization

et al. 2023

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Two-dimensional (2D) electrolytes have intrigued researchers due to their anisotropic structures and unconventional properties. This report introduces the bottom-up synthesis of a polymer-based 2D electrolyte utilizing a metal–organic framework (MOF), [Ni(Hbtc)(bpy)] n (1), with a pillared-layer structure as a template. Crosslinking polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) within MOF nanochannels comparable in size to the vinyl monomer resulted in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) monosheets. Following hydrolysis of this precursor polymer successfully gave 0.6 nm thick poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) sheets. Despite the crosslinked structure, the obtained polymer (PMAA-1) is highly soluble as monosheets dispersed in water at a pH higher than 5.7. PMAA-1 shows viscous liquid-like nature with the addition of the Al3+ ion, which inherently promotes hydrogel formation of conventional linear PMAA. The topological effects of the 2D polyanion network structure on the uptake of cations in the matrix are likely responsible for these remarkable solution and viscoelastic properties of PMAA-1.

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A review of top-down and bottom-up synthesis methods for the production of graphene, graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide

Cited by 94 publications

References 154 publications

Ion and water adsorption to graphene and graphene oxide surfaces

Ion and water adsorption to graphene and graphene oxide surfaces

Graphene and Its Derivatives: Synthesis and Application in the Electrochemical Detection of Analytes in Sweat

Fabrication of Polyelectrolyte Sheets of Unimolecular Thickness via MOF-Templated Polymerization

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