A review of use of metallurgical slag for its carbonation products: processes, crystallization behavior, and application status

Accelerated Carbonation of Steel Slag and Their Valorisation in Cement Products: A Review

“…The model shows how ions compete when they dissolve or form solids, how the area that can react changes over time, and how the reactions on the surface affect the movement of matter between the liquid and the solid (Ragipani et al, 2021;Wang et al, 2023a). Additionally, it accounts for the influence of variability in size distribution and diverse morphology in shaping the changes in the active surface area over time.…”

“…Moreover, both models are general models, then the actual kinetics may vary depending on the specific conditions and composition of the steel slag (Tu et al, 2015;Ragipani et al, 2021;Wang et al, 2023a).…”

“…Enhancing the carbonation process is achievable also through the pretreatment of slags (Quaghebeur et al, 2015). Improving CO 2 absorption can be achieved by milling or grinding steel slags into smaller particle sizes, as this increases their specific surface area (Wang et al, 2023a). Literature shows that the carbonation of the finest particles results in a nearly complete conversion of free lime to carbonate (or portlandite) under the given reaction conditions.…”

“…Furthermore, the carbonation process applied to steel slag seems to involve additional energy consumption, contributing to CO 2 emissions either directly or indirectly (Wang et al, 2023a). As a result, the widespread industrial adoption of carbonation technology for steel slag remains considerably constrained.…”

“…Additional processes: the carbonation of natural minerals, including steel slag, involves supplementary processes such as mining, transportation, and grinding of raw metals. These additional steps can contribute to heightened overall costs and energy consumption (Wang et al, 2023a).…”