“…Although previous research suggests that this form of OAE may be effective in developing groupwork at university, evidence has been limited by the use of bespoke questionnaires without adequate validity evidence (see Gunnell et al, 2014) and a lack of baseline measures and appropriate statistical analysis (Cooley, Burns et al, 2015; Hattie et al, 1997). In addition, a study has yet to evaluate the short, outdoor-centered form of OAE common within university, using a conceptually grounded measure of groupwork skills that includes both “task” groupwork skills (i.e., goal-directed behaviors, such as planning, goal setting, establishing roles, and monitoring group progress) and “interpersonal” groupwork skills (i.e., social behaviors, such as conflict resolution, attentiveness, social support, and positive reinforcement; Cumming et al, 2014; Stevens & Campion, 1994).…”