A review on advances in the development of electrochemical sensors for the detection of anesthetic drugs

Arjun, Ajith Mohan; Krishna, Prasannakumari H; Nath, Anish Reghu; Rasheed, P. Abdul

doi:10.1039/d2ay01290a

Cited by 9 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 81 publications

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“…Consequently, a compelling need arises for an accurate, sensitive, cost-effective, and simplified detection system. In this context, electrochemical methods have garnered attention due to their inherent advantages, rendering them feasible and advantageous for analytical purposes 21 , 22 . Among these methods, fast Fourier transform square-wave voltammetry (FFT-SWV) is one of the most sensitive techniques for rapid and straightforward trace detection of compounds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Machine learning-enhanced drug testing for simultaneous morphine and methadone detection in urinary biofluids

Habibi,

Mousavi,

Shekofteh-Gohari

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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The simultaneous identification of drugs has considerable difficulties due to the intricate interplay of analytes and the interference present in biological matrices. In this study, we introduce an innovative electrochemical sensor that overcomes these hurdles, enabling the precise and simultaneous determination of morphine (MOR), methadone (MET), and uric acid (UA) in urine samples. The sensor harnesses the strategically adapted carbon nanotubes (CNT) modified with graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) nanosheets to ensure exceptional precision and sensitivity for the targeted analytes. Through systematic optimization of pivotal parameters, we attained accurate and quantitative measurements of the analytes within intricate matrices employing the fast Fourier transform (FFT) voltammetry technique. The sensor’s performance was validated using 17 training and 12 test solutions, employing the widely acclaimed machine learning method, partial least squares (PLS), for predictive modeling. The root mean square error of cross-validation (RMSECV) values for morphine, methadone, and uric acid were significantly low, measuring 0.1827 µM, 0.1951 µM, and 0.1584 µM, respectively, with corresponding root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) values of 0.1925 µM, 0.2035 µM, and 0.1659 µM. These results showcased the robust resiliency and reliability of our predictive model. Our sensor’s efficacy in real urine samples was demonstrated by the narrow range of relative standard deviation (RSD) values, ranging from 3.71 to 5.26%, and recovery percentages from 96 to 106%. This performance underscores the potential of the sensor for practical and clinical applications, offering precise measurements even in complex and variable biological matrices. The successful integration of g-C3N4-CNT nanocomposites and the robust PLS method has driven the evolution of sophisticated electrochemical sensors, initiating a transformative era in drug analysis.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Machine learning-enhanced drug testing for simultaneous morphine and methadone detection in urinary biofluids

Habibi,

Mousavi,

Shekofteh-Gohari

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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Growing Utilization of Radical Chemistry in the Synthesis of Pharmaceuticals

Gupta

Laha

2023

The Chemical Record

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Our current unhealthy lifestyle and the exponential surge in the population getting affected by a variety of diseases have made pharmaceuticals or drugs an imperative part of life, making the development of innovative strategies for drug discovery or the introduction of refined, cost‐effective and modern technologies for the synthesis of clinically used drugs, a need of the hour. Ever since their discovery, free radicals and radical cations or anions as reactive intermediates have captivated the chemists, resulting in an exceptional utilization of these moieties throughout the field of chemical synthesis, owing to their unprecedented and widespread reactivity. Sticking with the idea of not judging the book by its cover, despite the conventional thought process of radicals being unstable and difficult to control entities, scientists and academicians around the globe have done an appreciable amount of work utilizing both persistent as well as transient radicals for a variety of organic transformations, exemplifying them with the synthesis of significant biologically active pharmaceutical ingredients. This review truly accounts for the organic radical transformations including radical addition, radical cascade cyclization, radical/radical cross‐coupling, coupling with metal‐complexes and radical cations coupling with nucleophiles, that offers fascinating and unconventional approaches towards the construction of intricate structural frameworks of marketed APIs with high atom‐ and step‐economy; complementing the otherwise employed traditional methods. This tutorial review presents a comprehensive package of diverse methods utilized for radical generation, featuring their reactivity to form critical bonds in pharmaceutical total synthesis or in building key starting materials or intermediates of their synthetic journey, acknowledging their excellence, downsides and underlying mechanisms, which are otherwise poorly highlighted in the literature. Despite great achievements over the past few decades in this area, many challenges and obstacles are yet to be unraveled to shorten the distance between the academics and the industry, which are all discussed in summary and outlook.

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Ti3C2Tx-rGO-chitosan-based microcatheter sensor for real-time continuous monitoring of propofol: toward improved anesthetic management

Kafley,

K.,

Kummari

et al. 2023

Microchim Acta

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A review on advances in the development of electrochemical sensors for the detection of anesthetic drugs

Abstract: Surgeries are a crucial medical intervention that has saved countless lives from time immemorial. To reduce pain during surgeries patients are administered with anesthetic drugs, which cause loss of sensation...

Cited by 9 publications

References 81 publications

Machine learning-enhanced drug testing for simultaneous morphine and methadone detection in urinary biofluids

Machine learning-enhanced drug testing for simultaneous morphine and methadone detection in urinary biofluids

Growing Utilization of Radical Chemistry in the Synthesis of Pharmaceuticals

Ti3C2Tx-rGO-chitosan-based microcatheter sensor for real-time continuous monitoring of propofol: toward improved anesthetic management

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