A review on barrier and challenges of electric vehicle in India and vehicle to grid optimisation

Why is the world not yet ready to use alternative fuel vehicles?

“…Vehicle, fuel and upfront cost, infrastructure (charging or refueling stations), fuel taxation, vehicles performance, subsidies from governments to use AFVs, environmental concern, awareness of responsibility for environmental protection, public acceptance for AFVs, knowledge about global air pollution issue and AFVs, type of AFVs, among others (as shown in Figure 4, data is taken from the latest review papers, including Refs. [54,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83]), have a strong relationship with vehicle purchase intention and willingness-to-buy (or willingness-to-pay) by consumers, but the intensity of each parameter varies for people in different countries. In addition, the major current barriers to introduce the AFVs to the market in the form of either purchasing new AFVs or converting gasoline/diesel vehicles to them.…”

Electric Vehicles: Bibliometric Analysis of the Current State of the Art and Perspectives

“…Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) have two power units, a conventional internal combustion engine and an electric motor [38]. The HEVs can be series hybrids, parallel hybrids, or power-split hybrids [39]. The HEVs are not loaded into the electrical grid, but through the energy generated in braking, transforming kinetic energy into electrical energy [20].…”

“…PHEVs are gasoline moved and have a large battery that can be charged via an external plug in the electrical network. The difference with HEVs is that they can be connected to the mains [39]. IV.…”

“…The BEV motor is capable of functioning as a power generator during the deceleration process, charging the battery and, at Regarding interaction with network and environmental sources, the EVs can work in loading and unloading modes. The different modes of interface with the electrical network are classified as Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V) and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G), being the last divided into, and Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) and Vehicle-to-Building (V2B) [39,40]. On G2V, the EV is loaded onto the network, while in V2G you have the ability to control the bidirectional flow of electrical energy between a vehicle and the mains at regular intervals [39,41].…”

“…The BEV motor is capable of functioning as a power generator during the deceleration process, charging the battery and, at the same time, exerting torque on the shaft, known as regenerative braking [45]. The energy recovered by the regenerative braking system can reach approximately 15% efficiency [39].…”