A Review on Bio-inspired Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles: Their Antimicrobial Efficacy and Toxicity

Abstract

Silver nanoparticles are one of the most studied compounds in materials science due to their antimicrobial efficacies and, for instance, in photocatalysis, dye-sensitised solar cells, and biomedical devices. However, conventional methods of synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) require hazardous and costly chemicals, and a large amount of energy is expended. In this review, efforts have been made to target where eco-friendly synthetic techniques are being conducted using various plant extract to develop nanoparticles in inexpensive, easily scaled up, and environmentally benign. These findings are stimulated intense research activities that focused on synthesis, modification, properties, and applications of these ecofriendly nanoparticles. This review covers all these aspects, such as the biological routes for the synthesis of nanoparticles employed to synthesis the nano-silver using algae, bacteria, plants, fungi, etc. Also, the chemical positions and possible traditional uses of the plants are enlisted.

Green Extracellular Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Pseudomonas alloputida, Their Growth and Biofilm-Formation Inhibitory Activities and Synergic Behavior with Three Classical Antibiotics

“…Recent reviews on the green synthesis of AgNPs show that a wide range of nanoparticle sizes and polydispersity can be found in the literature [ 9 , 12 , 13 ], with spherical shape being the most frequent. For instance, in the articles published from 2015 to 2021 that were summarized by Vishwanath and Negi (2021) [ 9 ], AgNPs with sizes from 2 to 200 nm, some over the limit of the nanoparticle scale, were reported.…”

“…However, for use as antimicrobial drugs, that may be irrelevant in most cases. The biological methods employ extracts or culture broths containing reducing and protecting agents generating silver nanomaterials, whose activity depends on the method and the biological material used [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ]. Since no toxic chemicals are used and the biological material is usually not expensive nor requires sophisticated equipment, biological methods are considered more convenient and greener.…”

Nanotechnology at the Molecular Level

“…The plant's leaves, stems, roots, and fruits all contain these biomolecules. In addition, a variety of naturally occurring nanoparticles are produced by proteins, vitamins, and secondary metabolites [28]. Bacteria are used to create nanoparticles because of their capacity to reduce metal ions.…”

Room-temperature synthesis of Ag3PO4 nanoparticles with the assistance of trisodium citrate for photocatalytic dye degradation

“…Ag-based nanoparticles have many applications, such as photocatalysis, solar cells, and biomedical devices. [1][2][3] Silver phosphate (Ag 3 PO 4 ) nanoparticles (NPs) have received increasing attention in recent years due to their extremely high efficiency in the photocatalytic degradation of various organic dyes under visible-light irradiation. The typical synthesis method for Ag 3 PO 4 NPs is the ion-exchange route.…”