A review on chemical and electrochemical methodologies for the sensing of biogenic amines

Abstract

<p>Sensing of biogenic amines is important for packed/fermented foods. It reveals the quality of food being consumed. </p>

Food Sensors: Challenges and Opportunities

“…[74] The occurrence of BAs in foods and analytical strategies to monitor them in foods and beverages are well discussed in an extensive review conducted by Papageorgiou et al [75] Amines are basic chemicals and can be targeted using absorbent materials functionalized with pH-responsive chemicals like the detection strategies discussed in Section 2.3 pH sensors. [56,71,76] Recent reviews discuss the many different optical [3] and electrochemical [77] sensing strategies for BAs. Recent advances have focused on the incorporation of BA sensors into materials suitable for incorporation into food packaging such as electrospun polydiacetylene nanofibers, [78] laser scribed graphene from supermarket sourced food-safe materials, [79] silicone encapsulated cellulose microparticles, [80] polymer films, [56] and paper.…”

“…BAs change in profile and increase in concentration as a result of microbial activity which makes them useful indicators for food quality and shelf life. Despite many sensors being conceptualized based on the detection of BAs, [77] Lazaro et al discussed reports from other authors of BA concentration in fresh chicken carcasses that vary significantly in their baseline profile and concentration. [114] Although Lazaro et al noted differences in other reports, their work recorded consistent baseline BA concentrations in different chicken samples using HPLC.…”

Supramolecular Coordination Complexes as Optical Biosensors

“…The levels of BAs in fermented food items are found to be high in general as compared to fresh food, thus elevated level of BAs can be considered as a marker of foodspoilage. [37] Considering these points, Eddaoudi and co-workers in 2019 developed a luminescent Zr(IV)-based framework 14, encompassing a π-conjugated organic ligand with a thiadiazole functional group as the spacer (Figure 7(a)). [34] The compound exhibited a 'turn-on' fluorescence response (green fluorescence) towards aliphatic amines, including harmful nicotine with an unprecedented low detection limit (66.2 nM for methylamine) in water.…”

“…Analyte binding has been reported to affect the photophysical properties of the metallacycles/cages by altering the redox‐status of the metal ion centres, transforming them into an electrochemical sensor [36] . Finally, in addition to non‐covalent recognition pathways, biosensing can also be achieved through chemical reactions such as nucleophilic addition, substitution or hydrolysis inside the cavity of the metallacycles/cages [37] . Like small‐molecule based sensors, biosensors based on supramolecular coordination complexes should also possess qualities such as high specificity, wide range of detection, low detection limit, fast response and reversibility to form an ideal indicator system.…”

“…Irrespective of their structures, almost all BAs participate in numerous metabolic processes such as growth regulation, inflammation and neural transmission. The levels of BAs in fermented food items are found to be high in general as compared to fresh food, thus elevated level of BAs can be considered as a marker of food‐spoilage [37] . Considering these points, Eddaoudi and co‐workers in 2019 developed a luminescent Zr(IV)‐based framework 14 , encompassing a π‐conjugated organic ligand with a thiadiazole functional group as the spacer (Figure 7(a)) [34] .…”