A Review on Designs of Various Ankle Foot Orthosis (AFO) Used to Treat Drop Foot Disease

Kubasad, Prashanth R; Todeti, Somasekhara Rao; Kamat, Yogeesh D.

doi:10.1007/978-981-15-4477-4_56

Cited by 7 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…While PAFOs are typically manufactured from very lightweight materials, such as carbon composites and thermoplastics [35], the actuator is typically the heaviest component of a PAFO. From the literature, it was deduced that this actuator contributes to an estimated 80% of the devices total mass [21,29].…”

Section: Powered Ankle-foot Orthosis Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of powered ankle–foot orthoses mass distribution on lower limb muscle forces—a simulation study

Marconi

Gopalai

Chauhan

2023

Med Biol Eng Comput

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This simulation study aimed to explore the effects of mass and mass distribution of powered ankle–foot orthoses, on net joint moments and individual muscle forces throughout the lower limb. Using OpenSim inverse kinematics, dynamics, and static optimization tools, the gait cycles of ten subjects were analyzed. The biomechanical models of these subjects were appended with ideal powered ankle–foot orthoses of different masses and actuator positions, as to determine the effect that these design factors had on the subject’s kinetics during normal walking. It was found that when the mass of the device was distributed more distally and posteriorly on the leg, both the net joint moments and overall lower limb muscle forces were more negatively impacted. However, individual muscle forces were found to have varying results which were attributed to the flow-on effect of the orthosis, the antagonistic pairing of muscles, and how the activity of individual muscles affect each other. It was found that mass and mass distribution of powered ankle–foot orthoses could be optimized as to more accurately mimic natural kinetics, reducing net joint moments and overall muscle forces of the lower limb, and must consider individual muscles as to reduce potentially detrimental muscle fatigue or muscular disuse. Graphical Abstract OpenSim modelling method to explore the effect of mass and mass distribution on muscle forces and joint moments, showing potential mass positioning and the effects of these positions, mass, and actuation on the muscle force integral.

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Section: Powered Ankle-foot Orthosis Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of powered ankle–foot orthoses mass distribution on lower limb muscle forces—a simulation study

Marconi

Gopalai

Chauhan

2023

Med Biol Eng Comput

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“…Current non-articulated solutions often lower the activity of dorsiflexion muscles due to a "bracing effect", which is often provided from passive orthosis devices made of material with a high degree of stiffness [36]. Additionally, a resistance to plantarflexion makes it also difficult to achieve a sufficient forward propulsion during gait [37]. On the one hand, this exosuit intends to provide an active impulse to the ankle during swing phase, so that it is possible to gain toe clearance without an inhibition of the simultaneous muscle activation.…”

Section: Functionalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and Preliminary Evaluation of a Lower Body Exosuit to Support Ankle Dorsiflexion

2021

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For patients suffering from drop foot due to weakness of ankle dorsiflexion muscles, an ankle foot orthosis provides increased foot clearance during the swing phase of gait, but often restricts other gait functions, such as plantarflexion. Due to steady progress in the development of lighter and smaller actuator technologies, active wearable devices such as exosuits become relevant for rehabilitation, since they can offer an extended functionality including a more comfortable wear than passive plastic orthosis. The aim of the paper is to present a lightweight exosuit supporting dorsiflexion during gait with autonomous recognition of gait phases and conditions. One main requirement during the iterative development of the exosuit is a non-restrictive function, thus no differences between the assisted and non-assisted gait of a healthy subject should occur. We therefore conducted a pilot biomechanics study using statistical parametric mapping to analyze kinematics of the ankle joint and muscle activity of m. tibialis anterior of nine subjects without any gait anomalies walking with and without the exosuit. The results show no significant difference between with and without support. In contrast to passive orthosis, the developed system could be an enhanced solution to assist patients suffering from drop foot, which should be analyzed in the next step for evaluating the development.

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“…Powered ankle exoskeletons (PAEs) are robotic devices developed for gait rehabilitation, locomotion assistance, and strength augmentation purposes [ 1 ]. Traditionally, when developed for assisting with pathological conditions, PAEs may also be referred to as active ankle–foot orthoses (AAFOs) or powered ankle–foot orthoses (PAFOs) [ 2 ]. The PAEs developed for rehabilitation purposes are usually wearable robots utilized in rehabilitation facilities that enable repeated walking training rounds on a treadmill or over ground to improve the recovery of the lower-limb motor function in patients suffering from neurological disorders such as stroke, cerebral palsy, and spinal cord injuries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Kalita et al, 2020 [ 32 ] systematically reviewed lower-limb robotic-based orthoses and exoskeletons with a section briefly discussing a selected number of PAEs. While Kubasad et al, 2021 [ 2 ] has reviewed the design of a number of active and passive orthoses developed for treating drop foot, Jiang et al, 2018 [ 33 ] and Shi et al, 2019 [ 34 ] focused on the application of these devices in the recovery of stroke patients. Alvarez-Perez, et al, 2019 [ 35 ] delivered a review on a selection of seated and walking robots used for ankle rehabilitation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Wearable Sensors in Actuation and Control of Powered Ankle Exoskeletons: A Comprehensive Review

kian

Widanapathirana

Joseph

et al. 2022

Sensors

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Powered ankle exoskeletons (PAEs) are robotic devices developed for gait assistance, rehabilitation, and augmentation. To fulfil their purposes, PAEs vastly rely heavily on their sensor systems. Human–machine interface sensors collect the biomechanical signals from the human user to inform the higher level of the control hierarchy about the user’s locomotion intention and requirement, whereas machine–machine interface sensors monitor the output of the actuation unit to ensure precise tracking of the high-level control commands via the low-level control scheme. The current article aims to provide a comprehensive review of how wearable sensor technology has contributed to the actuation and control of the PAEs developed over the past two decades. The control schemes and actuation principles employed in the reviewed PAEs, as well as their interaction with the integrated sensor systems, are investigated in this review. Further, the role of wearable sensors in overcoming the main challenges in developing fully autonomous portable PAEs is discussed. Finally, a brief discussion on how the recent technology advancements in wearable sensors, including environment—machine interface sensors, could promote the future generation of fully autonomous portable PAEs is provided.

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A Review on Designs of Various Ankle Foot Orthosis (AFO) Used to Treat Drop Foot Disease

Cited by 7 publications

References 23 publications

Effects of powered ankle–foot orthoses mass distribution on lower limb muscle forces—a simulation study

Effects of powered ankle–foot orthoses mass distribution on lower limb muscle forces—a simulation study

Development and Preliminary Evaluation of a Lower Body Exosuit to Support Ankle Dorsiflexion

Application of Wearable Sensors in Actuation and Control of Powered Ankle Exoskeletons: A Comprehensive Review

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