A Review on Electric Vehicles: Technologies and Challenges

Sanguesa, Julio A.; Torres-Sanz, Vicente; Garrido, Piedad; Martínez, Francisco J.; Marquez-Barja, Johann M.

doi:10.3390/smartcities4010022

Cited by 822 publications

(407 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…In addition, in a PHEV, the battery can be charged externally. A very recent review that contains data on the different battery sizes, in kWh, for different vehicles can be found in reference [26].…”

Section: Mild Hybrid and Phev Engine Lubricationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Efficiency, Emissions, Tribological Challenges and Fluid Requirements of Electrified Passenger Car Vehicles

Taylor

2021

Lubricants

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The motivations for the move to electrified vehicles are discussed with reference to their improved energy efficiency, their potential for lower CO2 emissions (if the electricity system is decarbonized), their lower (or zero) NOx/particulate matter (PM) tailpipe emissions, and the lower overall costs for owners. Some of the assumptions made in life-cycle CO2 emissions calculations are discussed and the effect of these assumptions on the CO2 benefits of electric vehicles are made clear. A number of new tribological challenges have emerged, particularly for hybrid vehicles that have both a conventional internal combustion engine and a battery, such as the need to protect against the much greater number of stop-starts that the engine will have during its lifetime. In addition, new lubricants are required for electric vehicle transmissions systems. Although full battery electric vehicles (BEVs) will not require engine oils (as there is no engine), they will require a system to cool the batteries—alternative cooling systems are discussed, and where these are fluid-based, the specific fluid requirements are outlined.

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Section: Mild Hybrid and Phev Engine Lubricationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Efficiency, Emissions, Tribological Challenges and Fluid Requirements of Electrified Passenger Car Vehicles

Taylor

2021

Lubricants

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show abstract

“…In addition, in a PHEV, the battery can be charged externally. (A very recent review that contains data on the different battery sizes, in kWh, for different vehicles can be found in reference [21]).…”

Section: Mild Hybrid and Phev Engine Lubricationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The intermittent nature of engine operation can lead to lower engine oil temperatures (compared to that typical of conventional engines). In addition, Fan et al [21] found higher levels of fuel dilution in the lubricant (more details are given in Section 5). They also noted that tailpipe emissions (NOx and PM) could be higher since the aftertreatment systems were not always at optimum operating temperature.…”

Section: Mild Hybrid and Phev Engine Lubricationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fan et al [21] recently investigated the impact of oil viscosity and driving mode (hybrid versus conventional) on fuel dilution of the lubricant and emissions (including particle number) for different drive cycles (WLTC, the World-Wide Harmonized Light Duty Driving Test Cycle, and the continuous, ECE-15 portion of the New European Driving Cycle, NEDC). For hybrid operation the state of charge of the battery was controlled at a low level (10-13%) to ensure more engine starts.…”

Section: Engine Oils For Plug-in and Mild Hybrid Electric Vehiclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Energy Efficiency, Emissions, Tribological Challenges and Fluid Requirements of Electrified Passenger Car Vehicles

Taylor¹

2021

Preprint

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The motivations for the move to electrified vehicles are discussed with reference to their improved energy efficiency, their potential for lower CO2 emissions (if the electricity system is decarbonized), their lower (or zero) NOx/particulate matter (PM) tailpipe emissions, and the lower overall costs for owners. Some of the assumptions made in life-cycle CO2 emissions calculations are discussed and the effect of these assumptions on the CO2 benefits of electric vehicles are made clear. A number of new tribological challenges have emerged, particularly for hybrid vehicles that have both a conventional internal combustion engine and a battery, such as the need to protect against the much greater number of stop-starts that the engine will have during its lifetime. In addition, new lubricants are required for electric vehicle transmissions systems. Although full battery electric vehicles (BEVs) will not require engine oils (as there is no engine) they will require a system to cool the batteries – alternative cooling systems are discussed, and where these are fluid based, the specific fluid requirements are outlined.

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“…The diffusion of electrical mobility in cities is an investigated topic in many papers, e.g. [14][15][16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Forecast of the demand for electric mobility for Rome-Fiumicino International Airport

Acri¹,

Barone²,

Cambula³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Following electrification of automotive transport, studies on the penetration of Electric Vehicles (EVs) are widespread, especially in defined contexts, e.g. cities. As major transport hubs, airports fall within contexts worth of interest. In this work, a forecast of the demand for electric mobility in an Italian international airport (Rome, Fiumicino) is presented. First, a wide review of proposed sce-narios on the penetration of EVs at international and national level and available data on local automotive transport are presented, as preliminary study for the definition of reference scenarios for the local context. Then the methodology proposed is presented and applied to the specific case study. Finally, a preliminary sizing of the required charging infrastructure is reported. The proposed approach can be considered as reference for similar studies on electrical mobility in other airport areas around the world.

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A Review on Electric Vehicles: Technologies and Challenges

Cited by 822 publications

References 73 publications

Energy Efficiency, Emissions, Tribological Challenges and Fluid Requirements of Electrified Passenger Car Vehicles

Energy Efficiency, Emissions, Tribological Challenges and Fluid Requirements of Electrified Passenger Car Vehicles

Energy Efficiency, Emissions, Tribological Challenges and Fluid Requirements of Electrified Passenger Car Vehicles

Forecast of the demand for electric mobility for Rome-Fiumicino International Airport

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