A Review on Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors Used in Assessing Antioxidant Activity

Abstract

Currently, there is growing interest in screening and quantifying antioxidants from biological samples in the quest for natural and effective antioxidants to combat free radical-related pathological complications. Antioxidants play an important role in human health and provide a defense against many diseases. Due to the valuable dietary role of these compounds, the analysis and determination of their amount in food is of particular importance. In recent years, many attempts have been made to provide simple, fast, and economical analytical approaches for the on-site detection and determination of antioxidant activity in food antioxidants. In this regard, electrochemical sensors and biosensors are considered promising tools for antioxidant research due to their high sensitivity, fast response time, and ease of miniaturization; thus, they are used in a variety of fields, including food analysis, drug screening, and toxicity research. Herein, we review the recent advances in sensors and biosensors for the detection of antioxidants, underlying principles, and emphasizing advantages, along with limitations regarding the ability to discriminate between the specific antioxidant or quantifying total antioxidant content. In this work, both direct and indirect methods for antioxidants detecting with electrochemical sensors and biosensors are analyzed in detail. This review aims to prove how electrochemical sensors and biosensors represent reliable alternatives to conventional methods for antioxidant analysis.

Electrochemical Methodologies for Investigating the Antioxidant Potential of Plant and Fruit Extracts: A Review

“…Similar to the trend observed in the case of the fruit extracts, the technique of CV was found to be most effectively utilized for investigating the antioxidants of the plant’s extract as well [ 83 ]. However, the utilization of other techniques of DPV and SWV was found to be more abundant in comparison to the fruit extracts [ 84 ]. Khiya et al [ 83 ] determined the AOC, TPC, condensed tannin content (TCT), and TAC of the Salvia officinalis by using the following assays/techniques of FRAP, DPPH, phosphomolybdate reduction, and CV.…”

Assessment of the Antioxidant Activity of Catechin in Nutraceuticals: Comparison between a Newly Developed Electrochemical Method and Spectrophotometric Methods

“…The antioxidant activity of catechin is due to the scavenging of free radicals via hydroxyl groups. In general, antioxidant molecules can deactivate radicals by two major mechanisms: hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and single electron transfer (SET) [ 13 ]. Depending on the mechanism involved, methods for determining the antioxidant activity can be classified as methods based on the HAT mechanism (the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) test or total reactive antioxidant potential (TRAP) test) or methods based on the SET mechanism (ferric ion reduction test (FRAP); 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) test; or 2,2-azinobis-3-ethyl-benzothiazolin-6-sulfonate (ABTS) cation radical test).…”

Sensitive Detection of Hydroxytyrosol in Extra Virgin Olive Oils with a Novel Biosensor Based on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Tyrosinase

“…They are efficient but involve long times, expensive reagents and additional sample preparation steps [ 39 ]. Alternative methods include electrochemical techniques that provide fast and accurate results [ 40 ]. Electrochemical sensors and biosensors have become increasingly diverse both structurally and in the functionalisation of the nanomaterials used as carriers to make determinations as sensitive, selective and easy as possible, using small amounts of samples without the need for complex pre-preparation [ 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 ].…”