A review on FAME production processes

Vyas, Amish P.; Verma, Jaswant L.; Subrahmanyam, N.

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2009.08.014

Cited by 474 publications

(257 citation statements)

References 109 publications

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“…Ilha et al (2014) obtained macauba biodiesel using a two-step reaction: esterification of FFA with sulfuric acid and transesterification with potassium hydroxide. The use of the homogeneous catalysts requires the use of subsequent washing steps for removal of the catalyst from the product and thus leads to the generation of a high volume of effluents (Vyas et al, 2010). Aguieiras et al (2014) proposed the application of enzymatic hydroesterification of macauba oil (10.5 wt% of FFA) with yields of 85% in esters; however, long reaction times were applied at each step: 6 hours for hydrolysis and 4 hours for esterification.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of process variables on the use of macauba pulp oil as feedstock for the continuous production of ethyl esters under pressurized conditions

Colonelli

Trentini

Santos

et al. 2017

Braz. J. Chem. Eng.

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-This study evaluated the potential of macauba pulp oil (MPO) as a feedstock for continuous ester production using ethanol under pressurized conditions. Experiments were performed in order to obtain data for the effect of process variables on ethyl ester (FAEE) and free fatty acid (FFA) conversion in a catalyst-free process. From the results, it appears that the MPO to ethanol mass ratio and the pressure were the variables with more favorable effect on the evaluated response variables. The addition of n-hexane caused an increase in the production of esters; however, this had a negative effect on FFA conversion. The addition of water was unfavorable for oil processing with high acidity. In this process, esterification and transesterification occur simultaneously, and the high FFA content in MPO provides high yields (85 wt% of esters; 93% FFA conversion) at low temperature, since the esterification reaction rate is higher than the transesterification. The decomposition of fatty acids was evaluated and levels <5% were observed under the evaluated experimental conditions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of process variables on the use of macauba pulp oil as feedstock for the continuous production of ethyl esters under pressurized conditions

Colonelli

Trentini

Santos

et al. 2017

Braz. J. Chem. Eng.

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“…Due to the scope of a particular study, some reported results are not explicit with respect to algal species, growth conditions, or product composition [11,17,38,59,[86][87][88][89][90][91]. As a result of the variety among algal species, even within a single genus, it is important that the characteristics of one alga are not mixed with those of another for analytical calculations.…”

Section: Specific Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Framework to Report the Production of Renewable Diesel from Algae

et al. 2010

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Recently, algae have received significant interest as a potential feedstock for renewable diesel (such as biodiesel), and many researchers have attempted to quantify this potential. Some of these attempts are less useful because they have not incorporated specific values of algal lipid content, have not included processing inefficiencies, or omitted processing steps required for renewable diesel production. Furthermore, the associated energy, materials, and costs requirements are sometimes omitted. The accuracy and applicability of these estimates can be improved by using data that are more specific, including all relevant information for renewable diesel production, and by presenting information with more relevant metrics. To determine whether algae are a viable source for renewable diesel, three questions that must be answered are (1) how much renewable diesel can be produced from algae, (2) what is the financial cost of production, and (3) what is the energy ratio of production? To help accurately answer these questions, we propose an analytical framework and associated nomenclature system for characterizing renewable diesel production from algae. The three production pathways discussed in this study are the transesterification of extracted algal lipids, thermochemical conversion of algal biomass, and conversion of secreted algal oils. The nomenclature system is initially presented from a top-level perspective that is applicable to all production pathways for renewable diesel from algae. Then, the nomenclature is expanded to characterize the production of renewable diesel (specifically, biodiesel) from extracted algal lipids in detail (cf. Appendix 2). The analytical framework uses the presented nomenclature system and includes three main principles: using appropriate reporting metrics, using symbolic notation to represent unknown values, and presenting results that are specific to algal species, growth conditions, and product composition.

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“…The presence of FFAs in low cost feedstocks for biodiesel production makes alkaline-catalyzed transesterification unfeasible because of the consumption of catalyst by FFAs and soap formation if water is present in the feed, with consequent hydrolysis of the alkyl esters produced. In the alkaline-catalyzed transesterification, the water content must be less than 0.06 wt% and the FFAs content 0.5 wt% for satisfactory reaction yields (Meher et al, 2006;Vyas et al, 2010).…”

Section: Content Of Free Fatty Acids (Ffas) and Water In The Feedstockmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The conventional alkalicatalyzed process affords high levels of conversion of triglycerides to their corresponding fatty acid alkyl esters in short reaction times, but has some disadvantages such as the large volume of waste water generated and feedstock flexibility (Meher et al, 2006;Abbaszaadeh et al, 2012). Transesterification using acid catalysts is known to be much slower than alkali catalysis, may lead to the formation of undesirable by-products, with difficult separation steps, and requires careful removal of catalyst from the biodiesel fuel since acid catalyst residues can damage engine parts (Zhang et al, 2003;Vyas et al, 2010;Abbaszaadeh et al, 2012). This is one of the main reasons why most biodiesel standard specifications place a very low maximum limit on acid value for the final product.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodiesel production through non-catalytic supercritical transesterification: current state and perspectives

Silva

Oliveira

2014

Braz. J. Chem. Eng.

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-The inconveniences of the conventional method for biodiesel production by alkaline catalysis suggests research towards alternative methods, with the non-catalytic transesterification using an alcohol at supercritical conditions proposed as a promising technique for biodiesel production. The so-called supercritical method (SCM) has powerful advantages over conventional techniques, such as fast reaction rates, feedstock flexibility, production efficiency and environmentally friendly benefits. However, application of this methodology has some limitations, like operating conditions (elevated temperature and pressure and higher amounts of alcohol), which result in high energy costs and degradation of the products generated. In this review paper the state of the art in relation to the use of the SCM for biodiesel production is reported and discussed, describing the characteristics of the method, the influence of operational parameters on the ester yield, patents available in the field and the perspectives for application of the technique.

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A review on FAME production processes

Cited by 474 publications

References 109 publications

Assessment of process variables on the use of macauba pulp oil as feedstock for the continuous production of ethyl esters under pressurized conditions

Assessment of process variables on the use of macauba pulp oil as feedstock for the continuous production of ethyl esters under pressurized conditions

A Framework to Report the Production of Renewable Diesel from Algae

Biodiesel production through non-catalytic supercritical transesterification: current state and perspectives

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