A review on fluorescence spectroscopic analysis of water and wastewater

Abstract

In recent years, the application of fluorescence spectroscopy has been widely recognized in water environment studies. The sensitiveness, simplicity, and efficiency of fluorescence spectroscopy are proved to be a promising tool for effective monitoring of water and wastewater. The fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEMs) and synchronous fluorescence spectra have been widely used analysis techniques of fluorescence measurement. The presence of organic matter in water and wastewater defines the degree and type of pollution in water. The application of fluorescence spectroscopy to characterize dissolved organic matter (DOM) has made the water quality assessment simple and easy. With the recent advances in this technology, components of DOM are identified by employing parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC), a mathematical trilinear data modeling with EEMs. The majority of wastewater studies indicated that the fluorescence peak of EX/EM at 275nm/340nm is referred to tryptophan region (Peak T1). However, some researchers identified another fluorescence peak in the region of EX/EM at 225-237nm/340-381nm, which described the tryptophan region and labeled it as Peak T2. Generally, peak T is a protein-like component in the water sample, where T1 and T2 signals were derived from the <0.20µm fraction of pollution. Therefore, a more advanced approach, such as an online fluorescence spectrofluorometer, can be used for the online monitoring of water. The results of various waters studied by fluorescence spectroscopy indicate that changes in peak T intensity could be used for real-time wastewater quality assessment and process control of wastewater treatment works. Finally, due to its effective use in water quality assessment, the fluorescence technique is proved to be a surrogate online monitoring tool and early warning equipment.

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“…The regional fluorescence intensity ratio ( P i ) was calculated from the volumetric fluorescence integration within each region (ϕ i ), normalized to the total volumetric fluorescence (eqs and ) ϕ i = ∑ normale normalx ∑ normale normalm I λ normale normalx λ normale normalm normalΔ λ normale normalx normalΔ λ normale normalm P i = ϕ i / ϕ normalt normalo normalt normala normall where ϕ i is the volumetric fluorescence intensity within region i, ϕ total is the sum of the volumetric fluorescence intensities within regions I to V, I λ ex λ em is the fluorescence intensity at a specific excitation and emission wavelength, Δλ ex is the excitation increment (3 nm), and Δλ em is the emission increment (2.33 nm). The five EEM regions are region I (ex 220–250, em 250–330), aromatic protein and tyrosine; region II (ex 220–250, em 330–380), aromatic proteins and tryptophan; region III (ex 220–250, em 380–550), mainly fulvic-like substances; region IV (ex 250–300, em 250–380), soluble microbial-byproducts, including proteins and biopolymers; and region V (ex 250–400, em 380–550), humic-like substances. ,, …”

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