A review on fly ash utilization

Mathapati, Mahantayya; Amate, Kiran; Prasad, C. Durga; Jayavardhana, M.L.; Raju, T. Hemanth

doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2021.09.106

Cited by 97 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…The presence of CaO above 10% is responsible for the self-hardening of CFA class C. On the other hand, CFA class F is formed after the combustion of coal and the total content of SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , and Fe 2 O 3 is at least 70%. CFA class F is also characterized by a significantly lower amount of CaO compared to CFA class C [ 4 ]. There have been numerous attempts to find practical uses for CFA, as it has become a problematic landfilled waste.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zeolite Composite Materials from Fly Ash: An Assessment of Physicochemical and Adsorption Properties

et al. 2023

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Waste fly ash, with both low (with the addition of vermiculite) and high contents of unburned coal, were subjected to hydrothermal syntheses aiming to obtain zeolite composite materials—zeolite + vermiculite (NaX–Ver) and zeolite + unburned carbon (NaX–C). The composites were compared with parent zeolite obtained from waste fly ash with a low content of unburned carbon (NaX–FA). In this study, the physicochemical characteristics of the obtained materials were evaluated. The potential application of the investigated zeolites for the adsorption of ammonium ions from aqueous solutions was determined. Composite NaX–Ver and parent zeolite NaX–FA were characterized by comparable adsorption capacities toward ammonium ions of 38.46 and 40.00 mg (NH4+) g−1, respectively. The nearly 2-fold lower adsorption capacity of composite NaX–C (21.05 mg (NH4+) g−1) was probably a result of the lower availability of ion exchange sites within the material. Adsorbents were also regenerated using 1 M NaCl solution at a pH of 10 and subjected to 3 cycles of adsorption–desorption experiments, which proved only a small reduction in adsorption properties. This study follows the current trend of waste utilization (fly ash) and the removal of pollutants from aqueous solutions with respect to their reuse, which remains in line with the goals of the circular economy.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zeolite Composite Materials from Fly Ash: An Assessment of Physicochemical and Adsorption Properties

et al. 2023

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“…Moreover, the excessive mining of stone materials and coal resources depletes resources, so mine environments urgently need structural restoration (Li and Lin, 2022;Zhang et al, 2022). Therefore, large-scale application and utilization of industrial solid waste fly ash (Mathapati et al, 2022) are of particular importance and may solve environmental problems and help restore sensitive localities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of different factors on fly ash-based functional soil and its oat grass cultivation

et al. 2022

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Using fly ash as the main matrix for plant ecological restoration is effective for constructing a sustainable and ecological environment. The relevant properties of functional soil change due to different factors. Based on the orthogonal experiment of functional soil and the pot experiment of oat grass, fly ash was used as the matrix material for functional soil. Afterward, MX (large granules dispensing certain nutrients), SJJXWS (a water-retaining agent), and AF (a nutrient conditioner) additives were added to study the physical, chemical, and agronomic properties of functional soil, such as the emergence rate and weight of plants. The results showed the high pH and conductivity of functional soil, implying alkaline soils with high salinity. The contents of organic matter and available phosphorus and potassium were relatively high, indicating its high nutrient content. Further analysis revealed that the MX was the key factor affecting functional soil’s electrical conductivity and evaporation, and thus, the corresponding plant emergence rate, plant weight, and other related indicators. The influence of each factor on the corresponding plant emergence rate, plant weight, and other indicators of functional soil was arranged in the order of MX (large granules dispensing certain nutrients), SJJXWS (a water-retaining agent), and AF (a nutrient conditioner). The optimum additive ratio in functional soil was 0.45 t·hm-2 of MX, 0.12 t·hm-2 of SJJXWS, and 1.65 t·hm-2 of AF. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for further development of functional soil for ecological cycle restoration purposes.

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“…The output of FA in the world has shown an increasing trend due to the great demand for electric power, which is predicted to increase up to approximately 300–600 million tons per annum by the year 2020. [ 1–4 ] If the treatment of FA is mainly the dumping approach, it may cover up to 3235 km 2 of space for landfill. FA has many harmful effects on people's lives, such as the rise of PM2.5, soil pollution, water pollution, and so forth.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of nitrile butadiene rubber/fly ash composites by designing a surficial immobile layer

Zheng

et al. 2022

Polymer Composites

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Fly ash (FA), a solid waste product from thermal power stations, can be served as a nonreinforcing filler for polymers. Due to the lack of hydroxyl groups of FA, it is infeasible to prepare polymer composites with excellent properties by coupling agents. In this work, high performance nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR)/FA composites were prepared by designing a surficial immobility layer. First, the carboxyl group of sorbic acid (SA) undergoes interfacial acid-base neutralization reaction with metals oxide of FA to form ionic bonds. Second, the double bonds of SA can graft to NBR molecular chains with the assistance of a peroxide initiator. Consequently, 500% modulus and tensile strength of NBR/30FA/8SA composites are higher than those of NBR/30FA composite by 213.8% and 125.9%, respectively, which makes FA changing from the nonreinforcing filler to reinforcing filler and provides a new way for the large-scale utilization of FA in the polymer industry.

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A review on fly ash utilization

Cited by 97 publications

References 47 publications

Zeolite Composite Materials from Fly Ash: An Assessment of Physicochemical and Adsorption Properties

Zeolite Composite Materials from Fly Ash: An Assessment of Physicochemical and Adsorption Properties

Effects of different factors on fly ash-based functional soil and its oat grass cultivation

Preparation of nitrile butadiene rubber/fly ash composites by designing a surficial immobile layer

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