A review on foot and mouth disease in dairy animals, etiology, pathogenesis and clinical findings

Azeem, A Abd

doi:10.19045/bspab.2020.90088

Cited by 11 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…When vulnerable animals come into contact with infected animals, clinical signs of FMD may appear within 3 to 5 days, although the time before appearance of clinical signs varies from 2 to 14 days. The severity of FMD clinical signs depends on the virus strain, exposure dose, host species, age and level of immunity [27].…”

Section: Figure 1 Number Of Foot and Mouth Disease-positive Dairy Cowsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Examination of Foot and Mouth Disease of Dairy Cows in Sukamurni, Cilawu, Garut, West Java, Indonesia

Ismail

Indarjulianto

Yusuf

et al. 2023

IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.

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Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease that affects cattle, sheep, goats, buffalo, pigs, and other animals with cloven hooves. It is a transboundary animal disease that seriously affects livestock productivity and disrupts trade in live animals and animal products worldwide. Indonesia was declared free of FMD in 1986, then vaccination and FMD vaccine production were banned. In April 2022, FMD was detected in cattle in some provinces in Indonesia, including West Java. This study investigated the clinical signs of FMD-positive dairy cows from 20 to 30 May 2022, in Sukamurni village. A total of 284 dairy cows were confirmed FMD by the laboratory and investigated for their clinical signs by direct examination and questionnaire. The result revealed lactating cows account for 42.6% of total positive cases, followed by pregnant cows (24.3%) and calves (11.27%). The main clinical signs were lameness (including lesions on foot) and excessive salivation (77.27%). Milk production was decreased on day 3 and returned to normal on day 10 after infection. Most cows reported clinical signs up to 3-4 weeks. In conclusion, these results suggest that lameness and excessive salivation are the most common clinical signs of FMD in dairy cows.

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Section: Figure 1 Number Of Foot and Mouth Disease-positive Dairy Cowsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Examination of Foot and Mouth Disease of Dairy Cows in Sukamurni, Cilawu, Garut, West Java, Indonesia

Ismail

Indarjulianto

Yusuf

et al. 2023

IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.

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“…The causative agent is a single-stranded, negative-sense ribonucleic acid virus belonging to the family Picornaviridae and Aphthovirus genus. This virus has seven serotypes, namely, O, A, Asia 1, C, SAT I, SAT II, and SAT III and more than 60 subtypes [ 1 , 2 ]. FMD virus (FMDV) is transmitted by inhalation of infected droplets, ingestion of contaminated vaccines, and insemination of contaminated semen.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circulation of foot-and-mouth disease serotypes, risk factors, and their effect on hematological and biochemical profiles among cattle and buffalo in Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan

Khan,

Sheikh,

Ullah

et al. 2024

Vet World

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Background and Aim: Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an infectious disease of cloven-hoofed animals, including buffalo, cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs, causing major economic losses to the local farmers and, overall, to the national economy of the country. This study aimed to detect FMDV serotypes in year-round FMD outbreaks, hematological and biochemical changes, and oxidative stress in FMDV-infected cattle and buffaloes in the district of Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan, and the socioeconomic impact of FMD outbreaks on farmers. Materials and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in the district of Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan, where FMD virus (FMDV) serotypes were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Hematological, biochemical, and oxidative analyses were performed by analyzing the blood of FMDV-infected and non-infected animals. Information on the associated risk factors was obtained through a structured questionnaire by interviewing farmers in each FMD-affected farm. Results: Thirty-four out of 38 farms (89%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 75%–97%) were positive for FMD by ELISA. Higher FMD infection was detected in farms with a herd size of <50 animals (50%, 17/34), followed by >100 animals (32%, 11/34) and 51–100 animals (18%, 6/34). Fifty-seven percent (114/200, 95% CI: 50%-64%) of animals were positive for FMD. Of these, 61% (69/114) were cattle and 39% (45/114) were buffalo. FMD positivity was higher in females (86%, 98/114) than in males (14%, 16/114) and higher in animals older than 2 years of age (52%, 59/114). On average, farmers lose U.S. dollars 3000 annually due to FMD outbreaks. Animals infected with FMDV had significantly (p ≤ 0.05) white blood cell counts and significantly (p ≤ 0.05) lower hemoglobin and total protein concentrations in buffalo and cattle, whereas infected cattle showed significantly (p ≤ 0.05) lower albumin levels. Globulin levels were lower in buffaloes infected. Alanine aminotransferase levels were lower in infected cattle (p ≤ 0.05). Creatinine levels were higher in infected buffalo (p ≤ 0.05). Urea and phosphorus concentrations were higher in FMDV-infected cattle and buffalo (p ≤ 0.05). Calcium levels were lower in infected cattle and buffalo (p ≤ 0.05). Catalase enzyme activity in infected cattle and buffaloes was significantly lower (p < 0.05). Lipid peroxidation was significantly higher in FMDV-infected cattle and buffalo (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: This study confirmed serotype O circulation among cattle and buffalo in year-long FMD outbreaks in the Quetta District of Balochistan. Blood analysis identified a parameter deviated from the normal level due to FMDV infection. In addition, the outbreak of FMD has a significant negative economic impact on livestock farmers. Keywords: buffalo, cattle, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, foot-and-mouth disease, Quetta, serotype.

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“…FMD is a highly contagious, transboundary vesicular disease of ungulates and wild animals. The disease is rendered as a serious economic threat to the dairy industry and agriculture worldwide in the form of high morbidity in adult animals and mortality in juveniles [9]. Cattle, buffalo, goats, sheep, and pigs are the animal species that are susceptible to this communicable disease.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cattle, buffalo, goats, sheep, and pigs are the animal species that are susceptible to this communicable disease. The disease is characterized by fever, anorexia, excessive salivation, and the appearance of vesicular blisters on the tongue, nose, mouth, teats, snout, feet, and other parts of glabrous skin, which sometimes leads to food abstinence and lameness [9]. Those animals who have developed lesions over the teat become susceptible to mastitis, and they do not milk.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deciphering Molecular Dynamics of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV): A Looming Threat to Pakistan’s Dairy Industry

Abubakar¹,

Syed²,

Manzoor³

et al. 2022

Dairy

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Milk is seen as a chief source of protein and other biologically available nutrients for human beings. Pakistan, the fourth largest milk-producing country, is badly affected by the contagious transboundary apthoviral disease of ungulate animals; the foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus. FMD is endemic in Pakistan and has caused significant economic loss to the dairy industry in the form of a profound decrease in milk production and increased morbidity and deaths of dairy animals. Inclusively, the case fatality ratio of FMD was 15.11%. Of the seven FMDV serotypes, (O, A, C, Asia 1, SAT 1, SAT2, and SAT 3), three serotypes (O, A, and Asia-1) are endemic in Pakistan. Rapid and highly sensitive diagnostic tools are required for efficient control of this disease. Presently, FMD in the laboratory is diagnosed via ELISA and molecular approaches, i.e., RT-PCR. Serotype-specific RT-PCR analysis not only confirms ELISA serotyping results but can also be used for the screening of ELISA negative samples. Genotypically, FMDV serotype O has a topotype (Middle East–South Asia (ME–SA) and lineage PanAsia-2) that is reported frequently from different areas of Pakistan. Confirmed cases of serotype A and Asia-1 are also reported. The information gathered can be used for understanding the molecular epidemiology of FMD in Pakistan. Further studies on the molecular dynamics of FMD could be useful for ensuring the timely diagnosis of this deadly pathogen, which would ultimately be beneficial for the mass vaccination programs of FMD in Pakistan.

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A review on foot and mouth disease in dairy animals, etiology, pathogenesis and clinical findings

Cited by 11 publications

References 26 publications

Clinical Examination of Foot and Mouth Disease of Dairy Cows in Sukamurni, Cilawu, Garut, West Java, Indonesia

Clinical Examination of Foot and Mouth Disease of Dairy Cows in Sukamurni, Cilawu, Garut, West Java, Indonesia

Circulation of foot-and-mouth disease serotypes, risk factors, and their effect on hematological and biochemical profiles among cattle and buffalo in Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan

Deciphering Molecular Dynamics of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV): A Looming Threat to Pakistan’s Dairy Industry

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