A Review on Functionally Graded Materials and Structures via Additive Manufacturing: From Multi‐Scale Design to Versatile Functional Properties

Yan, Li; Feng, Zuying; Liu, Hao; Huang, Liuqing; Xin, Chenxing; Wang, Yushen; Bilotti, Emiliano; Essa, Khamis; Zhang, Han; Li, Zheng; Yan, F.; Peijs, Ton

doi:10.1002/admt.201900981

Cited by 329 publications

(137 citation statements)

References 225 publications

(344 reference statements)

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“…Functionally graded materials prevent the drastic transition of mechanical properties at interfaces and provide a smooth transition of properties. Thus, functionally graded materials mitigate stress concentrations over interfaces and provide durability, especially as load-bearing supports [ 89 ]. Functional gradients are additionally useful in medical applications since they provide a complex structural diversity of bioinspired gradients and facilitate more control over fluid flow, mass transport, biodegradation, and mechanical properties, such as stiffness, strength, and hardness, throughout a designed structure, which are beneficial for biomedical implants [ 90 ].…”

Section: Design Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymer 3D Printing Review: Materials, Process, and Design Strategies for Medical Applications

et al. 2021

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Polymer 3D printing is an emerging technology with recent research translating towards increased use in industry, particularly in medical fields. Polymer printing is advantageous because it enables printing low-cost functional parts with diverse properties and capabilities. Here, we provide a review of recent research advances for polymer 3D printing by investigating research related to materials, processes, and design strategies for medical applications. Research in materials has led to the development of polymers with advantageous characteristics for mechanics and biocompatibility, with tuning of mechanical properties achieved by altering printing process parameters. Suitable polymer printing processes include extrusion, resin, and powder 3D printing, which enable directed material deposition for the design of advantageous and customized architectures. Design strategies, such as hierarchical distribution of materials, enable balancing of conflicting properties, such as mechanical and biological needs for tissue scaffolds. Further medical applications reviewed include safety equipment, dental implants, and drug delivery systems, with findings suggesting a need for improved design methods to navigate the complex decision space enabled by 3D printing. Further research across these areas will lead to continued improvement of 3D-printed design performance that is essential for advancing frontiers across engineering and medicine.

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Section: Design Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymer 3D Printing Review: Materials, Process, and Design Strategies for Medical Applications

et al. 2021

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“…FGMs can be utilized in various areas, including biomedicine, structural parts, aviation, thermal management, energyabsorbing systems, optoelectronic, electromagnetic interference shielding (EMI), and even geological models that can analyze earthquakes and natural landslide disasters (Li Y. et al, 2020). The FGM concept can also be used in 4-D printing by the functionally graded additive manufacturing (FGAM) concept in which a single AM process incorporates the gradational mixing of materials in order to construct freeform geometries with changing properties within one component (Sudarmadji et al, 2011;Pei et al, 2017).…”

Section: Future Scenerymentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Gradient Metallic Biomaterials: Techniques, Current Scenery, and Future Prospects in the Biomedical Field

Shi

Zhou

et al. 2021

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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Functional gradient materials (FGMs), as a modern group of materials, can provide multiple functions and are able to well mimic the hierarchical and gradient structure of natural systems. Because biomedical implants usually substitute the bone tissues and bone is an organic, natural FGM material, it seems quite reasonable to use the FGM concept in these applications. These FGMs have numerous advantages, including the ability to tailor the desired mechanical and biological response by producing various gradations, such as composition, porosity, and size; mitigating some limitations, such as stress-shielding effects; improving osseointegration; and enhancing electrochemical behavior and wear resistance. Although these are beneficial aspects, there is still a notable lack of comprehensive guidelines and standards. This paper aims to comprehensively review the current scenery of FGM metallic materials in the biomedical field, specifically its dental and orthopedic applications. It also introduces various processing methods, especially additive manufacturing methods that have a substantial impact on FGM production, mentioning its prospects and how FGMs can change the direction of both industry and biomedicine. Any improvement in FGM knowledge and technology can lead to big steps toward its industrialization and most notably for much better implant designs with more biocompatibility and similarity to natural tissues that enhance the quality of life for human beings.

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“…In particular, the 316 L SS key properties, i.e., strength and corrosion resistance, were retained and enhanced further through the HIP treatment and thus to tailor the properties of the hybrid components and make them suitable for several applications. 316 L SS is a very well-known biomaterial for hip and knee replacement, due to its high strength, corrosion and wear resistance, and beneficial cell proliferation that can be subsequently enhanced through various coating techniques [9,67,68]. It has been reported that in non-HIP samples, exposed pores can hold contaminants that can leave defects during plating and harbour bacteria in medical applications.…”

Section: Application Areas Of Hybrid 316 L Stainless Steelmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Hot Isostatic Pressing on Surface Integrity, Microstructure and Strength of Hybrid Metal Injection Moulding, and Laser-Based Powder Bed Fusion Stainless-Steel Components

et al. 2021

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Hybrid manufacture of components by combining capabilities of replication and additive manufacturing processes offer a flexible and sustainable route for producing cost-effectively small batches of metal parts. At present, there are open issues related to surface integrity and performance of such parts, especially when utilising them in safety critical applications. The research presented in this paper investigates the ductility amplification of hybrid components produced using metal injection moulding to preform and then build on them customisable sections by laser-based powder bed fusion. The properties of such hybrid components are studied and optimised through the use of non-conventional post treatment techniques. In particular, hot isostatic pressing (HIP) is employed to improve mechanical strength and to produce hybrid components that have consistent properties across batches and throughout the samples, minimising microstructural heterogeneities between fabrication processes. Thus, the investigated post-processing method can offer an extended service life of hybrid components, especially when operating under severe conditions. The optimised post treatment was found to increase the hybrid components’ strength compared to as-built ones by 68% and ~11% in yield strength (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS), respectively. Subsequently, leading to a great pitting resistance, thus, making HIP samples suitable for corrosive environments. The advantages of the HIP treatments in comparison to the conventional heat treatment of hybrid components are discussed and also some potential application areas are proposed.

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A Review on Functionally Graded Materials and Structures via Additive Manufacturing: From Multi‐Scale Design to Versatile Functional Properties

Cited by 329 publications

References 225 publications

Polymer 3D Printing Review: Materials, Process, and Design Strategies for Medical Applications

Polymer 3D Printing Review: Materials, Process, and Design Strategies for Medical Applications

Functional Gradient Metallic Biomaterials: Techniques, Current Scenery, and Future Prospects in the Biomedical Field

The Effect of Hot Isostatic Pressing on Surface Integrity, Microstructure and Strength of Hybrid Metal Injection Moulding, and Laser-Based Powder Bed Fusion Stainless-Steel Components

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