A review on generation, characterization, containment, transport and treatment of fecal sludge and septage with resource recovery-oriented sanitation

Shukla, Amol; Patwa, Aakash; Parde, Divyesh; Vijay, Ritesh

doi:10.1016/j.envres.2022.114389

Cited by 22 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 115 publications

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“…Quantification of FS produced is the initial and crucial step in establishing an effective management system which includes infrastructure for collection, transportation, and appropriately sized treatment units (Shukla et al 2023). Thus, the accumulation rates were individually calculated for each surveyed septic tank obtaining a median value of 142 L/person/yr (0.39 L/ person/d) with an Interquartile Range (IQR) of 252 L/person/yr.…”

Section: Fs Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, the entire service chain, i.e. collection, transportation and treatment unit sizing (Shukla et al 2023), needs to be accounted for effective management of FS. Nevertheless, one of the main obstacles to safely and effectively managing sanitation is the lack of data about the existing infrastructure, i.e., sewer networks and OSSs (Nasim et al 2022).…”

Section: Graphical Abstract Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, one of the main obstacles to safely and effectively managing sanitation is the lack of data about the existing infrastructure, i.e., sewer networks and OSSs (Nasim et al 2022). Then, quantifying the amount of FS produced, which is the initial step in developing an infrastructure (Shukla et al 2023), as well as the emptying requirements is of the most relevance.…”

Section: Graphical Abstract Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Septic tank usage and its faecal sludge management in Cuenca, Ecuador

Arévalo-Durazno,

Ballari,

Alvarado

2024

Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development

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On-site sanitation systems such as septic tanks are widely used for treating domestic wastewater in urban and rural areas which lack sewage systems. However, a large portion of these systems do not properly treat human excreta. A main challenge to improve this is the absence of comprehensive data regarding the usage, emptying and maintenance. In this study, records of septic tank desludging frequency during 2009–2022 and the sewerage coverage updated to 2022 were used to investigate their spatial and temporal utilisation, and the persistence of septic tank usage in areas with sewer networks and uncover the current state of Faecal Sludge Management in Cuenca, Ecuador. The spatial behaviour revealed that OSSs are still in use besides the presence of a sewer network. In 2022, there were 109 septic tanks in urban areas with 14.7% in sectors with sewerage service. In rural areas, 469 septic tanks were recorded with 7.8% situated in areas with sewer networks. Although there is no specialised infrastructure in place for the treatment and disposal of faecal sludge, the city has effectively managed it with the existing sanitation facilities. This assessment contributes to the formulation of a secure framework for a safely managed sanitation.

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Section: Fs Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Graphical Abstract Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Graphical Abstract Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Septic tank usage and its faecal sludge management in Cuenca, Ecuador

Arévalo-Durazno,

Ballari,

Alvarado

2024

Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development

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“…These systems, by which we mean both the technology (Geetha Varma et al, 2022; Li et al, 2023) and the management models and institutional environment in which they sit, can be considered as MAD systems. These decentralized systems may not always be modular—artisanal/bespoke septic tanks are common—but the management of fecal sludge is inherently adaptive, with the conceptualization and monetization of fecal sludge as a resource opening up new business models (Shukla et al, 2023; Wichelns et al, 2015).…”

Section: Mad Water Case Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

MAD water: Integrating modular, adaptive, and decentralized approaches for water security in the climate change era

et al. 2023

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Centralized water infrastructure has, over the last century, brought safe and reliable drinking water to much of the world. But climate change, combined with aging and underfunded infrastructure, is increasingly testing the limits of—and reversing gains made by—this approach. To address these growing strains and gaps, we must assess and advance alternatives to centralized water provision and sanitation. The water literature is rife with examples of systems that are neither centralized nor networked, yet meet water needs of local communities in important ways, including: informal and hybrid water systems, decentralized water provision, community‐based water management, small drinking water systems, point‐of‐use treatment, small‐scale water vendors, and packaged water. Our work builds on these literatures by proposing a convergence approach that can integrate and explore the benefits and challenges of modular, adaptive, and decentralized (“MAD”) water provision and sanitation, often foregrounding important advances in engineering technology. We further provide frameworks to evaluate justice, economic feasibility, governance, human health, and environmental sustainability as key parameters of MAD water system performance.This article is categorized under: Engineering Water > Water, Health, and Sanitation Human Water > Water Governance Engineering Water > Sustainable Engineering of Water

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“…When carefully examined, those assertions may be true, as Colón et al (2015) and Agani et al (2016) previously mentioned that about 2.5 billion people are without improved sanitation in 2014 alone out of which 1 billion practiced open defecation. A 50.6% decrease to 494 million people practicing open defecation occurred from 2014-2020 of which 23% is in Nigeria, 25% Haiti, 45.15% Togo, 14.93% India, 69% Chad, 0.22% South Africa, 2.58% Burundi, 33% Ethiopia, 0.32% China, 5.55% Cameroon, 16.07% Tanzania, 68.11% Niger, 2% Senegal, 9% Indonesia and 3% Philippines (Blackett et al, 2014;Inah et al, 2023;Shukla et al, 2023). From the investigations, Sub-Saharan Africa, Oceania and Southern Asia are the most vulnerable regions as a result of a very low sanitation coverage of 30%, 35% and 42% respectively (Agani et al, 2016).…”

Section: Literature Review Environmental Safety Concerns Excreta Coll...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Fecal Sludge Recycling to Useful Products: Environmental Concerns, Viability and Potential

Abdulhalim,

Ahmed,

Moges

et al. 2023

ARI

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Biofertilizer, biogas and the chemical substances in those two, which are generated as a result of several treatment methods fecal sludge (FS) are usually subjected to, can be recovered for diverse applications. The treatment methods are classified into traditional and innovative methods. FS sludge impacts the environment negatively and one of the most adopted methods for its treatment from toilets where they originate, are composting and anaerobic digestion to recover biogas and organic fertilizer. FS potential for biogas production has been critically examined here using literature sources. It is discovered that FS is not largely favored as a means of recovering bioenergy in most parts of the world due to hygiene concerns, even though it is one of the most abundant organic materials for bioenergy recovery through anaerobic digestion. This work hence studied the factors hindering FS recycling and reuse, which it convincingly addresses. The work also demonstrates ways FS can be safely collected and digested to useful products and make a case for future investment in the sector by relevant bodies due to its feasibility, profitability and environmental-friendliness. Implementation of a system that recovers FS from latrines of households and public places and converts them to useful products are therefore recommended.

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A review on generation, characterization, containment, transport and treatment of fecal sludge and septage with resource recovery-oriented sanitation

Cited by 22 publications

References 115 publications

Septic tank usage and its faecal sludge management in Cuenca, Ecuador

Septic tank usage and its faecal sludge management in Cuenca, Ecuador

MAD water: Integrating modular, adaptive, and decentralized approaches for water security in the climate change era

Fecal Sludge Recycling to Useful Products: Environmental Concerns, Viability and Potential

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