A review on gut microbiota: a central factor in the pathophysiology of obesity

Biancolin

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

The incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is secreted by the intestinal L cell in response to nutrient intake. However, GLP-1 secretion also follows a circadian rhythm which is disrupted by the saturated fatty acid palmitate in vitro and high-fat diet (HFD) feeding in vivo. The flavonoid nobiletin is a clock enhancer which improves metabolic homeostasis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to elucidate whether and how nobiletin mitigates the negative effects of palmitate and HFD-feeding on rhythmic GLP-1 release. Pre-treatment of murine GLUTag L cells with palmitate dampened the GLP-1 secretory response at the normal peak of secretion, while nobiletin co-treatment restored GLP-1 secretion and upregulated the ‘metabolic pathway’ transcriptome. Mice fed a HFD also lost their GLP-1 secretory rhythm in association with markedly increased GLP-1 levels and upregulation of L cell transcriptional pathways related to ‘sensing’ and ‘transducing’ cellular stimuli at the normal peak of GLP-1 release. Nobiletin co-administration reduced GLP-1 levels to more physiological levels and upregulated L cell ‘oxidative metabolism’ transcriptional pathways. Furthermore, nobiletin improved colonic microbial 16S rRNA gene diversity and reduced the levels of Proteobacteria in HFD-fed mice. Collectively, this study establishes that nobiletin improves the normal rhythm in GLP-1 secretion following fat-induced disruption.

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Nobiletin ameliorates high fat-induced disruptions in rhythmic glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion

Biancolin

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

“…Different factors have been associated with obesity: a high calorie diet, an increase in sedentary activity, and genetic factors. These causal factors could also be related to changes in the gut microbiota, resulting in disruption to the bacterial community, known as dysbiosis, affecting the host–microorganism relationship, energy homeostasis, metabolic function, and inducing inflammation [ 4 , 5 ]. There are several mechanisms involving gut microorganisms and the host, such as the regulation of fermentation and polysaccharide absorption from diet, protection of gastrointestinal mucosa permeability, etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical and Dietary Intervention with Opuntia ficus-indica (Nopal) in Women with Obesity Improves Health Condition through Gut Microbiota Adjustment

et al. 2022

Obesity is a multifactorial disease resulting in excessive accumulation of fat. Worldwide, obesity is an important public health problem, affecting a large proportion of the world population. The tender cactus Opuntia ficus-indica, commonly known in Mexico as “nopal”, is widely distributed in this country, Latin America, South Africa, and the Mediterranean area. Nopal cladodes are commonly marketed in different forms as fresh, frozen, or pre-cooked, and used as fresh green vegetable. The aim of this study was to evaluate the capability of nopal to improve the health condition of participants affected by obesity, in a physical and dietary intervention, through gut microbiota modification. These results were contrasted with the effect of nopal in the gut microbiota of normal weight participants. We describe the association among biochemical, anthropometric markers, and the gut microbiota diversity found in fecal samples of the obese and normal weight groups. The results presented in this work suggest that caloric restriction, addition of nopal to the diet and physical activity, promote changes in the gut microbiota in obese women, improving the host metabolism, as suggested by the correlation between some bacterial species with biochemical and anthropometrical parameters.

“…An increasing number of studies have explored a possible bidirectional connection between gut microbiota and the brain, for which the term gutbrain axis has been coined [3,4]. Moreover, the link between the gut microbiota and human diseases is more and more evident as alterations in gut microbial community composition have been reported in several pathological conditions including neurological and autoimmune disorders, obesity and cancer [5][6][7][8][9][10]. The microbiome studies on a transgenic AD model and patients highlighted alterations in gut microbiota providing new understanding of AD and additional features for its pathological characterization [11,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Endocannabinoid System: A Bridge between Alzheimer’s Disease and Gut Microbiota

Bisogno

Lauritano

Piscitelli

2021

Life

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that progresses from mild cognitive impairment to severe dementia over time. The main clinical hallmarks of the disease (e.g., beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles) begin during preclinical AD when cognitive deficits are not yet apparent. Hence, a more profound understanding of AD pathogenesis is needed to develop new therapeutic strategies. In this context, the endocannabinoid (eCB) system and the gut microbiome are increasingly emerging as important players in maintaining the general homeostasis and the health status of the host. However, their interaction has come to light just recently with gut microbiota regulating the eCB tone at both receptor and enzyme levels in intestinal and adipose tissues. Importantly, eCB system and gut microbiome, have been suggested to play a role in AD in both animal and human studies. Therefore, the microbiome gut-brain axis and the eCB system are potential common denominators in the AD physiopathology. Hence, the aim of this review is to provide a general overview on the role of both the eCB system and the microbiome gut-brain axis in AD and to suggest possible mechanisms that underlie the potential interplay of these two systems.